IMAGl^  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Sciences 

CarporatiQn 


»  VftST  MAM  Sltm 
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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/iCiy/IH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Oiwdlan  liwtltuM  for 


HMoricI  Mlcroreprduction.  /  Inttitut  €«»ill.n  d.  n,icro«p«K)uctlo«  MMoriqu. 


TMhnieal  mmI  BlbHograptde  Noim/Noim  tMhniquM  at  MbNograpMqiiM 


TtM  liMtituta  hM  atfrnpfd  to  obtain  tho  boot 
original  oo^  avaHaMa  for  fNmc.ifl.  Foaturaa  of  thia 
copy  wMc  I  may  bo  MbNograplileally  unlqua. 
wMeb  may  altar  any  of  tho  Imafoa  In  tba 
raproductlon.  or  whieh  may  algnlfleantly  ehanga 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ora  chaokad  balow. 


□   Colourod  covora/ 
Couvorturo  do  coulour 


nn   Covora  damagad/ 


D 


n 


n 


D 


Couvorturo  ondommagia 

Covora  raatorad  and/or  iamlnatad/ 
Couvartura  raatauria  at/ou  paNlcuMa 


I — I   Covar  titia  miwing/ 


La  titra  da  coi^vartura  manqua 

Colourod  mapa/ 

Cartas  gtegraphiquat  on  coulour 

Colourod  ink  (l.o.  othor  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulour  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noiro) 

Colourod  plataa  and/or  llluatratlona/ 
Planchaa  at/ou  illustration*  an  coulour 


Bound  with  othor  matarial/ 
RaM  avac  d'autras  documants 


rri   Tight  binding  may  cauaa  shadovvs  or  distortion 


along  intarior  margin/ 

La  n  iiura  sarr^a  paut  causi'r  da  i'ombro  ou  do  la 

distortion  la  long  da  la  marga  intiriaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  rastoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  possibia,  thasa 
hava  baan  omittod  from  filming/ 
II  so  paut  qua  cartainas  pagas  blarichas  aJoutAos 
lors  d'una  rastauraticn  apparciaaant  dans  ia  taxta, 
mais,  lorsqua  cala  Atait  possiblo,  cas  pagas  n'ont 
pas  At*  fiimtes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commantairas  suppiimantairss: 


L'Inatitut  a  mIorofllmA  lo  moWour  oaomploko 
ipiH  kii  a  «t«  poaslbia  da  aa  procuror.  Lss  dAtalla 
da  oot  OKompkiIro  qui  sont  pout-Atro  unlquoa  du 
point  do  vuo  bibNographiqua.  qui  pauvant  modlf  lor 
uno  knago  roproduHo,  ou  qui  pouvont  oalgor  una 
modHleatlon  dana  la  mithodo  normalo  do  fNmoga 
aont  indiquAa  d-dassoua. 


D 


CokMirod  pagas/ 
Pagaa  da  coulour 


Th 
po 
of 


I — I  Pagas  damagad/ 


Pagaa  andommagAas 

Pagas  raatorod  and/oi 

Pagas  raataurAas  at/ou  polliculAos 

a  Pagas  discolourad.  stainod  or  foxod/ 
Pagas  dAcolorAos.  tachatAas  ou  piquAas 


I — I   Pagas  raatorod  and/or  laminated/ 


D 


Or 

th4 
alo 


slo 
or 


□  Pagas  datachad/ 
Pages  d«tach4os 


Showthrough/ 
Transparanea 


I     I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quollt*  InAgaie  do  i'lmpression 

Includes  suppkimentary  materi 
Comprend  du  metAriel  suppMmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 


I     I  Includes  suppkimentary  material/ 
I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


ahi 
UK 
vvh 

Ma 
diff 
enti 
beg 

rigli 
reqi 
met 


Pages  ««>hoHy  or  pertialiy  obscured  by  errata    . 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refiimed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Los  pagas  totalement  ou  partieliement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'erreta,  una  pelure, 
etc..  ont  At*  filmAos  A  nouveau  da  fa^on  A 
obtenir  la  mellleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  cheeked  below/ 

Co  document  est  fiimA  au  taux  do  rAduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

asx 

30X 

' 

y/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

MX 

2IX 

32X 

1 
1 

totiM 


DoufliM  Library 
QuMit't  Unlvsrslty 


L'( 


IMIW  iMt  fSpCOQIlIt  QfaOS  ■  N 

i: 

DouglM  Library 
Quaan't  UnlvaniHy 


Tna  ImaQaa  appaarwiQ  hava  ara  tna  baat  4uaNty 


of  tna  orl0iiial  copy  anci  Hi  kaapliiQ 
fNininQ  oontraot  apaolffloatlona< 


Laa  bnagaa  autvantaa  am  4M  raproduHaa  avao  la 

tanu  da  la  condition  at 
nlniai  at  an 
oonformiti  avao  laa  oonditlona  du  eontrat  da 


l'( 


Original  copiaa  In  printad  papar  eowara  ara  fNmad 
baginnino  with  tha  ffroirt  covar  and  andtoig  on 
tha  iaat  paga  with  a  prIntad  ar  muatiatad  impraa> 
siont  or  tlia  bacic  covar  wnan  approprlato«  AH 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  fHmad  baglnning  on  tha 
fflrtt  paga  with  a  printad  or  INtiatratad  Impraa* 
•ion.  and  andbig  on  tho  laat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  Hhiatratad  impraaaion. 


axamplairaa  origlnaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
imprimto  aont  Iliin4a  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  aoH  par  la 
qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
ou  dlNuatration.  aolt  par  la  aacond 
caa.  Toua  laa  autraa  axamplairaa 
film4a  an  commandant  par  la 
qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraaaion  ou  dlNuatration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  damMra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 


d^mpraaalon 
plat,  aalonlo 
origlnaux 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
•hail  contain  tlia  aymboi  — ^^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"!, or  tha  aymboi  ▼  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appiiaa. 


Un  daa  aymbdaa  suiventa  apparattra  aur  la 
damMra  imaga  da  eliaqua  microficha,  ifdon  la 
caa:  la  aymbola  -^  aignifla  "A  8UIVRE",  la 
•ymbola  ▼  aignifla  "FIN". 


Mapa,  piataa,  charts,  ate.,  may  ba  fUmad  at 
diffarant  raductlon  ratioa.  Thoaa  too  iarga  to  ba 
antiraly  included  In  ona  axpoaura  ara  fllmad 
baglnning  in  tita  uppar  iaft  hand  corner,  loft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framaa  aa 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrama  iliustrata  tiia 
mathod: 


las  cartas,  piancltas,  tablaaux,  ate,  pauvant  Atra 
filmte  A  das  taux  da  rMuct'ion  diffirants. 
l.ort<|ua  la  document  ast  t/op  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  an  un  saui  clicM,  il  ast  filmA  A  partir 
da  i'angia  supArlaur  gaueha,  da  gaucha  A  droita, 
at  da  haut  an  baa,  •!%  itranant  la  nombra 
d'Imagaa  nAcassaira.  Laa  diagrammaa  suivants 
llluatrant  la  mAthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SYNOPSIS 


or  THB 


•  '1 


NORTH   AMERICAN 

LICHENS: 

PART  II., 

COlfPRISINO  THE 

LEOIDEAOEI,  AND  (IN  FABT)  THE  ORAPHIDAODX ; 

BT 
EDWARD  TUCKERMAN,  M.  A., 

ACTHOB  or  OBMIRA  LICHBMUM. 


>'. 


^M 


NEW  BEDFORD,  MASS. 

E.   AMTHOMT    A   SONB,   PBINTKR8. 

1888. 


V. 'JS' 


!••••  ••••# 


COPTBIOHT  BT  HnrST  WXLUT,  VKW  BKDTOra>.  MAM., 

IM. 


W0BK8  OH  UCHENS  BT  PB0FE8S0B  TVGKEBMAH. 

Oenera  LicHKivuii.     Price  $3.00. 

Obs.  Lkchenologicjb  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Parts  1,  8,  4,  5. 
Price  25  cents  each. 

Hawaiian  Lichens  ^n  the  same.    Price  25  cents. 

Lichens  of  Caufobnia,  &o.    Price  25  cents. 

Lichens  of  Wilkes  Expl.  Exp.,  with  plates.     Price  $2.00. 

LiCHENES  Am.  Sept.  Exsic.   Vol.  2  and  8.    Price  $5.00  each. 

Of  most  of  the  above  there  are  bat  few  copies  remaining. 
Application  may  be  made  to  E.  Nelson,  Book- 
seller, Amherst,  Mass. 

Synopsis  of  the  Nobth  American  Lichens,  Part  I.,  Pub- 
lished by  S.  E.  Cassino,  Boston,  Mass. 


/4;39 


PREFACE. 


Part  I.  of  the  Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Lichens  by 
Professor  I'^clward  Tuckerman,  of  Amherst,  was  published  in 
1882.  He  worked  uiH>n  the  second  part  nearly  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  March  loth,  1886.  It  was  found  that  the 
manuscript  left  by  him  contained  the  Lecideacei  and  a 
portion  of  the  Grapliidacei,  leaving  the  Genus  Graphis  in- 
complete. It  has  been  thought  that  the  publication  of  this 
manuscript  would  be  to  tL  advantage  of  Science,  and  it  has ' 
been  placed  in  my  hands  for  that  pur}M>se.  It  should  be 
understood,  however,  that  the  work  had  uot  been  subjected  to 
the  thorough  revision  it  would  have  undergone  before  its 
publication  by  the  author,  in  regard  to  which  there  were 
many  pencil  notes  on  the  manuHcrii^t.  I  give  his  manuscript 
just  as  left  by  him.  But  I  have  given  as  additions  such  descrip- 
tions of  some  of  the  new  species  which  I  have  seen,  as  I  am 
able  to,  with  the  names  of  the  species  indicated  to  be  studied, 
which  I  have  not  seen.  I  have  also  thought  it  would  be 
acceptable  to  Students  of  Lichens  to  add  as  an  appendix  the 
descriptions  of  such  North  American  Lichens  not  embraced  in 
this  work  as  are  contained  in  I*rofessor  Tuckerman's  occasional 
publications,  which  are  not  easily  to  be  obtained. 

There  is  a  note  in  the  manuscript  of  reference  to  be  made 
to  the  articles  on  the  Behring  Strait  Lichens  by  Nylander  in 
Flora,  1884,  and  Professor  Tuckerman  would  doubtless  have 
availed  himself  of  Nylander's  more  recent  work  on  these 
Lichens  had  he  lived. 

HENRY  WILLEY. 

New  Bedford,  Mass,  1888. 


Tribe  II.-LSOIDXAOXI. 


Fam.    3.  — LECIDEEI. 

ThalluH  crustaceous ;  now  lohulato,  or,  very  rarely, 
cauleHcent,  hut  for  the  most  part,  uniform ;  adnate  to 
the  Huhstrate. — Some  remarks  on  the  family  may  l)e 
turned  to  in  the  author's  Genera  Lichenum,  p.  151. 


Suh-Fam.  1. — BiKOMYCEi. 

Apothecia  prolonged   downwards  into  a  stalk  (i.e. 
stipitatc.) 

The  types  here  understood  as  Bieomyceine  are  suffi- 
ciently well  distinguished  from  each  other,  and  are  very 
commonly  regarded  as  indicating  four  genera.  But 
Bceomyces  ro»eu8  (constituting  the  genus  BcBomyc&<  of 
Fries,  Koerber,  &c.)  is  closely  associable  in  all  im- 
portant structure — ^the  abnormal  cephaloid  exhibition  of 
the  apothecia  being  left  out  of  account — not  only  with 
B.  absolutus,  but  with  B.  aerufftnosus  (Icmadophila^ 
Trev.,  of  Koerb,  &c.)  and  the  chief  structural  difference 
between  the  species  named  and  B.  plac(yphyllu8^  &c. 
(^Sphyridium^  Flot,,  Koerb.,  &c.)  is  in  the  greater  or 
less  density  of  the  tissues  of  the  hypothecium  and  the 
stipes.  The  South  American  Glossodtum,  Nyl.  Syn.^ 
1,  p.  184,  t  VI.,  f.  5,  6  (Lindig  Herb.  JV.  Gran.  n. 
2745),  which  offers  zeorine  apothecia,  appears  compar- 
able in  this  respect  as  in  its  h3rmenium however 

striking  the  unilateral  attachment  of  the  latter with 

B.  AeruginoauSy  nor  widely  separable  in  its  hypothecium. 

Gomphillus^  Nyl.,  and  Thysanothecium,  Berk.  & 

Mont.,  which  the  author  first  named  has  admitted  into 
his  Bceomyceiy  are  unknown  here ;  if  not  also  too  dis- 
crepant from  the  Sub-family. 


fl  BiEOMYCES. 

XLVII.  —  BJCOMYCES,  Pcth.,  rK\ 
AiKithccia  patelliefomi,  margined  by  a  propter  cxciple ; 
or,  rarely,  cephaloid  and  immarginate ;  more  or  letfH 
diHtint'tly  Htipitato.  SporeH  (in  8uf>-cylindraceouM 
thcken)  from  ellipMoid  Hul>-fu8iform,  from  Mimplo  2-4- 
locular,  colourloMH.  Spcrmatia  (ho  far  as  ohncrvcd) 
oblong,  on  multi-artieulate  HtcrigmaM.  ThalluH  hori- 
zontal, cruHtaecouH,  lolied,  or  uniform. OWrvationM 

on  the  anatomy  of  the  genua  may  be  found  in  Nylander 
8yn»  1,  p.  176,  Ac^jMsaim. 

1 .  B.  placophyUus^  Ach. ;  thallus  snb-foliaceous,  tbickish, 
orbicular,  wrinkled  and  plicate,  glaucous-virescent,  the 
circumference  constituted  of  rounded,  sub-imbricate,  flexuous 
lobules ;  apothecia  stipitate,  pileate,  reddish-brown,  the 
compressed   stipe   beset  with   glebous   squamules.      Spores 

from  ellipsoid  soon  oblong,  simple,  10-15  by  2^-3^  mic. 

Ach.  Meth.f  p.  323,  t.  7,  f.  4;  L.  U.,  p.  574.  Biatora, 
Fr.  L.  E.,  Ttickerm.  Lick  ex9.  n.  42.  Sphyridium,  Th.  Fr. 
Scand.  p.  327. 

Sterile  earth  on  slides,  and  on  banks  of  streams,  in  the 
White  Mountains,  N.H.,  TucJcerman  Syn.  N.E.,  1848. 

2.  B.  By88oidea  (L.)  Schser. ;  thallus  crustaceous,  effuse, 
granulose,  greenish-glaucous,  the  glebous  granules  becoming 
squamaceous  and  crenate-lobulate  (now  sorediiferous) ; 
aiK>thecia  (smaller  than  in  n.  1)  pileate  from  brownish- 
flesh  coloured  at  length  dark-brown,  now  conglomerate,  the 
compressed,  furrowed  stipes  mostly  naked,  now  divided 
above,  and  now  obsolete.     Spores  oblong-ellipsoid,  simple, 

7-12  by  3-4  mic. Fr.  L.   E.  p.   257  (mb  Biatora.) 

Tuckerm.  Lich.  exs.  n.  41.  Boeomyces  rufaa^  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p. 
176,  t.  l,f.  12-14. 

On  the  earth,  rocks,  and  dead  wocd,  common  in  mountain- 
ous regions.  New  York,  Hcdaey,  View,  1823.  Mountains 
of  New  Hampshire,  Tuckerman.  North  Carolina  mountains, 
Buckley.    Mountains  of  Oregon,  HaU. 

3.  B.  roseusj  Fers. ;  thallus  effuse,  contiguous,  granulate 


B.£OMYCES.  f 

and  waited,  glaucoua ;  apothecia  stipitate,  the  stipea  white, 
nakiHl,  crowned  by  cephaloid  and  ininiar|i(iDate,  globular  soon 
balloon>8haped,  fleHb-coloured  aiwthecia.  8iM>re8  in  mtrh- 
narrowed  thekes,  slender,  fusifonn-oblong,  simple,  16-1*()  by 
2-8  mic.  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  572.  Tuckerm.  txa.  n.  40.  Nyl. 
Syn.  i,  p.  479. 

h.  fungoidtt;  granules  of  the  thallus  rimning  together  and 
glebous,  white ;  the  stipes  longer,  and  often    clothed    with 

the  granules. Bcemycea.,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  572.  Nyl.  Syn.  1. 

p.  179 J  A  in  Lindig  Herb.  X.  Gran.  n.  708,  2567. 

On  sterile  earth,  common.  Middle  States,  MuMenberg, 
Catai.  ?818;  Torrey.  New  England  and  Virginia,  Tucker- 
man.     North  and  South  Carolina,  Ravenel.    Alabama,  Peters. 

b,     on     mountains     in     tropical    countries.      Mexico 

{Humboldt)  y  Nylauder,  Syn.  1858. 

4.  B.  abaolutusy  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  crustaceous,  effuse, 
very  thin  and  sub-meniV^anaceous,  greenish ;  apothecia 
short-stipitate,  flat,  bticoming  flexuous,  pale-Hesh  coloured, 
the  thin,  demiss  margin  disappearing.     Spores  ellipsoid  and 

oblong-ellipsoid,  simple,  10-16  by  4-6  mic. Suppl.  2, 1,  c. 

p.  201  y  &  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  23,  24.  Nyl.  Syn.  1,  p. 
178,  &  in  Lindig  Herb.  N.  Chan.  n.  2587.  BicUora  icmado^ 
phila,  V.  atipitata,  Mont.  &  Tuck,  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4,  8,  p. 
298. 

On  sand,  Alabama  {Peter b),  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1859.  On 
wet  rocks.  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  Found  also  on  the  earth, 
in  tropicfd  America;  Venezuela,  Fendler;  Island  of  Cuba, 
Wright;  New  Granada,  Lindig. 

5.  B.  ceruginosus  (Scop.)  DC. ;  thallus  tartareous,  rugose- 
granulate  and  warted,  greenish-glaucescent  and  white ; 
apothecia  sessile  or  now  sub-stipitate,  ample,  rosy-flesh 
coloured  and  paler  (now  discoloured)  the  flattish,  wrinkled 
disk  bordered  by  a  thin  proper  margin,  and  more  or  less  by  a 
flexuous  thalline  one,  or  now  finally  turgescent  and  im- 
marginate  (now  conglomerate).  Spores  from  oblong 
becoming  fusiform,  and  from  commonly  2-4  locular,  20-30 
by  4-6  mic. Lecidea,  Schcer.  Spicil.,  p.  177.     BicUora 


8  BIATOREI. 

icmadophUa,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  259.     Tuckerm.  Lkk.  eau.  n,  43, 
Baomyce$^  Nyl  Syn.  i,  p.  183. 

Rotten  wood  in  moist  mountain  forests,  where  also  on 
Sphagnum,  and  on  the  earth,  Muhlenberg  CcUal.  1818. 
Canada,  AgaMiz.  Arctic  America,  Bichardeon.  Rooky 
Mountains,  Brandegee.  West  Coast,  from  Oregon  to  Sitka, 
Hallt  Ac. 


Sub-Fam.    2.— Bi  atore  i. 
Apothecia  gessile ;  the  exciple  paler  than  the  disk. 

XLVIII.— BIATORA,    Fr. 

Apothecia  Hoftish,  readily  turgescent  and  finally 
ccphaloid ;  variouHly  coloured.  Spores  either  ellipsoid, 
and  simple  (§2)  or  more  or  less  oblong,  and  biloci'lar 
(§3)  or  quadrilocular  (§4)  or  fusiform  passing  into 
acicular,  and  finally  plurilocular  (§5)  or  very  minute 
and  numerous  in  the  thekes  (§6)  colourless.  Spermatis 
exhibiting  conditions  of  all  the  types.  Thallus  now 
lobulate  (§1)  as  are  also  rare  exceptions  in  §2  ;  but,  for 

the  most  part,  uniform. Fries  \Lich.  Eur.  pp.  247- 

251)  has  considered  at  length  the  distinction  of  the 
large  group  before  us ;  and  some  observations  upon  it 
may  be  turned  to  in  the  present  writer's  Genera,  p.  154. 
Whether,  with  Koerber,  and  most  recent  lichenologists, 
it  be  elevated — however  commingled  with  eulecideeine 
and  even  Parmelieine  elements,  as  they  are  here 
regarded — to  the  rank  of  a  family,  or,  with  Nylander, 
and  others,  reduced  to  only  a  section  of  a  genus,  it  is 
evident  that  these  more  modem  arrangements  take  their 
start  fi'om  Fries's  thought,  and  more  or  less  represent 
it.  Only  the  scarcely  explained  disposition  of  Dr.  Th. 
Fries  (Ltch.  Scand.)  seems  quite  irreconcilable. 


BUTORA.  • 

*  Ptora.     ThaXlu*  mjuamuloae  ;  rnore  or  U*i  lobfd. 
t  Rock  and  earth  lichens. 

1 .  B.  caulophytta,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  erect,  stipitate, 
comprrHHetl,  (^reeniHb-glaucescent  and  cineraAccnt  \o\ie»,  which 
are  dihitcd  and  lobulate  above,  and  crowded  toffother  there 
into  a  plicate  white-mealy  crust ;  apothecia  of  middling  ttize, 
elevated-Hessile,  the  disk  reddish-black,  the  stout,  pale 
margin  soon  also  blackening.  Spores  ovoid-elli|Mtoid,  7- 1 3 
by  4-6  mic. Obs.  Lich.  4,  I.  c.  12^  p.  178. 

Rocks,  Sierra  Nevada,  California  (Bolander)  'I\ickerman 
I.  c.  1877. Apothecia  exceeding  at  length  2^'^-  in  width. 

2.  B.  airo-rufa,  (Dicks.)  Fr. ;  thallus  of  small,  cartila- 
gineouB,  roundish,  adnate,  crenate  and  lobulate,  now 
sub-imbricate  scales  which  run  together  into  a  euntiguous 
crust  more  or  less  ettigurate  at  the  circumference,  pale- 
whitish  to  dark-brownish-ash  coloured,  on  a  black  hypo- 
thallus ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  soon  closely  appressed 
and  explanate,  fluBlly  often  tumid,  and  confluent  in  difform 
masses,  dark  reddish-brown  and  black,  the  thin  margin  early 

disappearing.    Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  12-18  by  5-7  mic. 

Lecidea,  Schaer.  Sjncil.  p.  123.  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  198. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  White  Mountains, 
Tuckerman, Syn.  1848.  Tadousac, Canada,.^.  T. Drummond. 
Rocky  Mountains,  Brandegee.    Greenland,  Vahl,  e  Th.  Fr. 

3.  B.  Petri,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  middling-sized,  mem- 
branaceous-cartilagineous,  from  orbicular  becoming  oblong- 
difform,  undulate-lobate,  incumbent  or  loosely  imbricate, 
concave  scales,  pale-greenish  glaucescent  running  into 
brownish,  beneath  clothed  with  a  thin,  brown  hypotballus ; . 
apothecia  middling-size-i,  rather  elevated,  polished,  the  flat, 
blackish-rufous  disk  excluding  finally   the  stout,  flexuous, 

black  margin.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  9-11  by  4-5  mic. 

Obs.  Lick.  4,  I.  c.  12,  p.  179, 

Upon  mosses  in  calcareous  regions.  Moulton,  Alabama 
(Hon.  T.  M.  Peters)  Tuckerman,  I.  c,  1877.  Thallus  with 
mucb  the  habit  of  growth,  and  coloration  of  Endocarpon 
arboreum,  Schwein. ;  the  scales,  as   seen,  about  2-4™™*  in 


10 


BIATORA. 


ividth.    Apothecia  l"™"*  to  2™'"'  5,  wide. 

4.  B.  lurida,  (Sw.)  Fr. ;  thallus  of  almost  ample,  thickish 
closely  adnate,  rounded,  sinuately  lobed,  imbrioately  in> 
cumbont  scales,  from  pale  passing  into  dark-lurid  brown, 
opakc,  beneath  white ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  adnate, 
flat,  from  reddish-brown  soon  black,  becoming  convex,  and 
the  originally  obtuse  margin  disappearing.  Spores  oblong- 
ovoid,  12-16  by  5-7  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  253.    Lecidea^ 

Schifir.  Spicil.  p.  108. 

On  the  earth  in  calcareous  districts  throughout  Europe,  but 
not  reported  from  Greenland,  nor  known  here:  being  yet 
possibly  represented  by  two  specimens  from  the  Rocky 
Mountrins  (Colorado,  Brandegee)  and  one  from  Oregon 
{Cusick)  in  herb.  Sprague,  which  seem  scarcely  to  differ. 
The  lichen  is  distinguished  from  the  next  following  one  by 
its  thinner,  closely  appressed,  lurid  and  dull  thallus,  llattish 
apothecia,  and  rather  larger  spores. 

5.  B.  globifsra^  (Ach.)  Fr. ;  thallus  of  ample,  thick, 
cartilagineous,  reniform,  more  or  less  polished,  lobed,  im- 
bricate, ascending  scales,  from  pale-greenish,  soon  reddish- 
chostuut,  beneath  white  ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  elevated, 
globose,  sub-immarginate,  blackening,  with  now  a  greenish 

tinge.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  10-14  by  5-7  mic. Fr.  L. 

E.  p.  254.     Lecidea,  Schoer.  Spicil.  p.  109. 

b.  rubiformis^  Fr. ;  the  reduced  scales  thicker,  paler,  and 
conspicuously  white-margined ;  the   apothecia  more  or  less 

conglomerate. Nyl.  Scand. p.  193.    Lecidea^  Wdld.^Th. 

Fr.  Scand.  p.  412. 

On  the  earth  in  calcareous  districts,  especially  abundant  on 

'the  Pacific  coast.     North  AiM-rica,  Acharius,  Syn.^  1814. 

Greenland,   Fa/ti,  e  Th.  Fr.  I.  c.  Mt.  Mansfield,  Vermont, 

j*ringle.  Rocky  Mountains,  Brandegee.  California,  Bolander. 

Oregon,  Cudck.     Thallus  4-6'n™'  in  width. b,  Greenland, 

VahU  I.  c,  and  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America,  Th.  Fr.  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.,  Loud.,  1879.  And  scarcely  different  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  Colorado,  Brandegee. 

6.  B.    Inridella,    Tuckerm. ;    thallus    of   small,   thickish, 


BIATORA. 


11 


apprcssed,  rounded,  from  glebous  Anally  crenate-lobate,  and 
8ub-iinbricate  scaled,  from  tawny  pattsing  into  dark-red.  now 
suffused  Vo'itb  white,  beneath  white  ;  ai>otiieciu  minute,  adnate, 
convex,  t>u>>immarginate,  black.     S|)ore8  ovoid,  7-1 1  by  4-6 

mic. Obs.  Lich.  2.,  I.  c.  5,  p.  418  {sub  Lecid.)  Gen.  p. 

156. 

On  calcareous  earth,  Rockv  Mountains,  in  New  Mexico 
(Fendler)  Tuckerman  /.  c.  18f>2.  On  the  Snake  fork  of  the 
Columbia  river,  Hayden.  Colorado,  Brandegee.  Mt.  Kilter, 
California,  Bolander.  Thallus  scarcely  exceeding  2"""-  in 
width.     Apothecia  0"""-  .'i-O™""-  7  in  width. 

7.  B.  rufonigra,  Tuckerm.  ;  thallus  of  small,  irregular, 
scattered  or  crowded  soon  ascendant  and  imbricate,  contiave, 
round-lobed,  smooth  ocales,  brownish-yellow  passing  into 
blackish-olivaceous  al>ove,  the  pale  edges  soon  livid  and 
blackening,  the  black  under  side  clothed  more  or  less  with  a 
blackening  hypothallus ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  adnate, 
flat,  from  dark-rufous  soon  black  and  convex,  and  the  thin 
margin  excluded.  Spores  from  ellipsoid  at  length  oblong, 
8-14  by  5-7  mic. Syn.  N.  E.  p.  53. 

Rocks,  New  England,  Tuckerman  Enum.  Lich.  N.  E., 
1838.  Lake  Superior,  Agassiz.  Lake  Athabasca,  Macoun. 
Middle  States,  Michener;  Atistin;  &c.  Carolinas,  Tennessee, 
and  Georgia,  Ravenel.     Illinois,  and  Missouri,  Hall.    Texas, 

Wright.     Arizona,  Pringle.     British  Columbia,  Macoun. 

Scales  of  the  thallus  scarcely  more  than  2'"">-  wide. 

8.  B.  scotopholis,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  areolate-squamulose, 
blackish-chestnut,  the  minute,  thin,  rounded,  polished,  dis- 
crete scales  becoming  elevated  at  the  edges,  crenate-lobate, 
crowded,  and  sub-imbricate,  upon  a  black,  fringing  hypo- 
thallus ;  apothecia  adnate,  flat,  the  rufous  disk  blackening 
and  filially  turgescent,  and  the  stout,  crenulate,  livid  margin 

disappearing.     Spores  ellipsoid,  8-11  by  3-5  mic. Calif. 

p.  25. 

Sandstone  rocks,  coast  of  California,  {Bolander)  Tucker- 
man I.  c.  1866.  Dalles  of  the  Columbia,  Oregon,  Hall. 
Thallus  scarcely  at  length  reaching  2"""-  in  width.  Apothecia 


h^ 


i  I 


IS 


BIATORA. 


scarcely  8ur])a8Bing  l^'^'  in  width.  The  lar<70Ht  conditions  of 
the  lichen  comparable  now  with  small  ones  of  i  Itc  next  species. 

i).  B.  Iius8eUu\  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  >(  ample,  thick,  from 
rounded  variously  irregular,  discrete  finally  crowded, 
appressed  but  loon  ascendant  undulate,  ruund-lobed,  often 
reticulately  furrowed  scales,  from  pale-passiiig  into  1)right- 
reddinh  tawny,  with  white  edges,  beneath  white ;  apotheeia 
of  middling  size,  sessile,  soon  turgid,  rusty-red  (nigrescent) 
with  often  a  greenish  bloom,  the  paler  obtuse  margin  dis- 

a])pearing.    Spores   ellipsoid,  9-12  by  4-6  mic. Obs.  IJch. 

^,  /.  c.  -/,/).  417  {sub  Lecidea.)  Gen.  p.  155. 

Calcareous  rocks,  Vermont  (Ruaaell)  Tuckerman  I.  c.  18G2. 
New  Jersey,  Austin.  Maryland,  Tuckerman.  (Jeorgia, 
Ravenel.  Alabama,  Peters.  Texas,  Wright.  Ohio,  Miss 
Biadlei'ombe.  Missouri  and  Kansas,  Hall.  Rocky  Mountains, 
Hayden;    &c.      California,    Bolander.      British   Columbia, 

Macoun. Apotheeia  of  the  size  of  those  of  B.  ylobifera; 

or.  from  1™™-  5  reaching  2""»-  in  width. A  state  with 

whitened  scales  (/.  dealbaia)  occurs  in  California,  Bolander. 

The  lichen  is  in  several  respects  comparable  with  the 

European  B.  testacea ;  and  it  also  closely  approaches  the 
brownish  form  of  B.  dedpiens. 

10.  JB.  frenatay  (Tayl.,  Nyl.).  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  ample, 
thick,  closely  adnate,  peltiform,  sub-entire,  brownish-red 
scales,  which  are  depressed  at  the  margin  and  conspicuously 
hollowed  at  the  centre  ;  apotheeia  scarcely  at  length  middling- 
sized,  marginal,  sessile,  at  first  flat  with  an  obtuse  thalloid 
border,  which  is  excluded  finally  by  the  soon  blackening  disk. 

Spores   oblong-ovoid,  12-17   by  5-7  raic. Tuck.  Gen.  p. 

156.  Endocarpon  crenatum  &  E.  Speireum,  Tayl.  in  Hook. 
Lon.  Joiirn.  Bat.  6.  p.  156.  Lecanora  Chonion,  Ttickerm. 
Suppl.  2,  I.  c.  p.  425. 

b.  dealbata,  Tuck. ;  the  scales  white. Lecidea  coroni- 

formisj  Krempelh.  exot.  Flecht.  in  Verhaitdl.  Zool.  Bot. 
Gesellsch,  1864,  pi.  4,f.l. 

On  the  earth,  Prairies  of  the  Blanco,  Texas,  Wright. 
Tuckerm.  I.  c.  1858.     Coahuila,  Mexico,  Dr.  Palmer. 


BIATORA. 


18 


Scales  now  exceeding  S"""-  in  width. Closely  associable 

with  the  la«t,  and  very  near  to  the  next,  to  which,  in  far: , 
the  normally  coloured  Cape  of  Good  lloi)c  lichen  (Zeyher) 
was  referred  (by  Laurer?)  in  herb.  Sonder.  The  whitened 
condition  is  perhaps  the  more  frequent  here ;  it  has  been 
minutely  described,  as  above,  by  Krempelhuber.  Taylor's 
original  specimens  (herb.  Tayl.)  fully  confirm  Nylander's 
view  of  the  species ;  but  the  name  is  scarcely  a  happy  one. 

11.  B.  dedpien.'!,  (Khrh.)  Fr. ;  thallus  smaller  and  thinner 
than  that  of  the  last  preceding  species,  the  discrete,  now  at 
length  crowded  scales  from  peltiform  variously  extended, 
sinuous,  and  rouod-lobed,  irregularly  more  or  less  concave, 
often  furrowed,  incarnate-brick  coloured  (now  fuscescent) 
suffused  more  or  less  at  the  edges  with  white,  and  white 
beneath ;  apothccia  small  to  about  middling,  marginal,  adnate, 
the  disk  from  dark-brown  soon  blackening  and  convex,  and 
the  obtuse  thalloid  now  white,  the  margin  excluded.     Spores 

oblong-ovoid,    10-16   by   H-l  mic. Fr.   L.   E.  p.   252. 

Schoer.  Sjiicil.  p.  115^    Lecanoray  Ach.  L.  U. 

On  the  earth  in  calcareous  districts.  North  America, 
Hoffmann  D.  Fl.^  1796.  Arctic  America,  Richardson,  &c. 
Island  of  Anticosti,  Macou7i.  Niagara  Falls,  Miss  Mary  L. 
Wilson.  More  common  westward,  Missouri,  and  Kansas, 
Hall.      Nebraska,    Hayden.      Utah,    Waison.      California, 

Bolander.    British  Columbia,  Macoun. A  wholly  whitened 

form  is  not  rare  (f .  dealbaJta,  Auct. ) Apothecia  not  much 

over  I"""-  Avide. 

12.  B.  icterica,  Mont. ;  thallus  of  scarcely  the  size  but 
much  the  habit  of  the  species  last  preceding,  the  discrete  now 
crowded  scales  appressed,  from  round  soon  extended,  and 
radiately  round-lobed,  smooth  or  furrowed,  greenish-yellow 
(becoming  darker-yellow,  and  tawny  with  age)  with  raised, 
paler  edges,  and  white  beneath ;  apothecia  small  to  almost 
middling,  sessile,  from  dark  rufous  nigrescent,  soon  convex, 
and  the  rather  stout  margin  disappearing.  Spores  ovoid- 
ellipsoid,  12-18  by  5-8  iiiic. Mont.  FL  CM.  VIII., p.. 170, 

t.  12,  f.  4.  Lecidea  endochlora,  Tayl.  in  Hook.  Lond. 
Joum.  Bot.  VI.,  p.  151.  Lecanora  WnyhZii,  Tuck.  Suppl. 
1,1.  c.  p.  425. 


i 


14 


BIATORA. 


On  the  earth,  Prairies  of  the  Blanco,  Texas  ( Wright) 
Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858.  Arizona,  Pringle.  Colorado, 
Brandegee.  Kansas,  HoUl.  Minnesota,  Jxipham.  And  even 
at  the  Palisades  of  the  Hudson,  New  York,  Austin. 

f  ■f  Lichens  of  dead  to  ood.  Related  together  by  the 
thallus,  but  ill  a^aociable,  either  among  themselves  or  with  the 
first  section,  by  the  fruit. 

13.  B.  ostreata,  (Hoflfm.)  Fr. ;  thallus  of  membranaceous, 
reniform,  soon  ascending  and  imbricate,  crenate-lobate,  now 
also  reduced  and  glebous  scales,  glaucescent  becoming  tawny, 
beneath  white-powdery ;  apothecia  of  middling  size,  adnate, 
flat,  the  black  disk  more  or  less  white-pruinose,  the  persistent 
margin   from   white   and  lecanoroid   soon  blackening,   and 

flexuous.     Spores  oblong-ellipsoid,  8-10  by  2-3  mic. Nyl. 

Scand.  p.  242.     Parmelia,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  94. 

On  carbon i/.ed  pine  wood,  Vermont  (Russell)  Tuckerman 
Oen.  1872.  On  the  same  substrate,  Mt.  Desert,  Willey.  On 
the  same,  Washington  Territory,  Suksdorf  in  hb.  Sprague. 

14.  B.  anthracophila,  Nyl. ;  thallus  of  glebous,  thickish, 
reniform,  finally  ascending  and  imbricate,  sub-crenate, 
polished  scales,  from  glaucescent  passing  into  tawny-brown ; 
apothecia  minute,  adnate,  soon  convex,  and  immarginate, 
reddish-browu.     "  Spores  fusiform,  oblong,  7-13  by  2-4  mic." 

Nyl.  in  Flora,  1865,  p.  603 ;  &  in  Norrl.  Lich.  Fenn.  n. 

169.  B.  ostreata,  v.  Cladonioides,  Fr.  Summ. ;  &  in  Lich. 
Saec.  n.  28,  pro  p.  Lecidea  Cladonioides,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p. 
417. 

On  carbonized  pine  wood,  Vermont,  Frost.  On  chestnut 
rails,  Amherst,  Mass.,  Tuckerman.  Dead  wood,  New 
Bedford,  Mass.,  Wiliey.  Base  of  pine  trees.  New  Jersey, 
Austin.  Apothecia  not  much  exceeding  O*"™*  5,  in  width. 
The  New  Jersey  lichen  might  be  taken  for  a  reduced  state  of 
Cladonia  coespitida,  f.  epiphylla ;  and  Fries's  name  indicates 
the  same  comparison.  But  the  latter  author  referred  the 
plant  (from  the  ob\'ious  resemblance  of  the  thallus)  to  B. 
ostreata;  and  cannot  therefore  be  cited  for  it  (as  in  Th.  Fr, 
Scand.)  as  a  distinct  speoles. 


BIATORA. 


15 


15.  B.  Frieaii,  (Ach.)  thallus  of  minute,  glebouB,  soon 
ooncrescent  and  efflfj^rate  crowded  Anally  and  sub-imbricate, 
membranaceous  scales,  from  glaucescent  becoming  olivaceous 
brown ;  apothecia  small,  thin,  flat,  black,  opake,  with  an 
elevated,  persistent  margin,  soon  rugose-plicate,  diffomi,  and 

heaped.      SiK>res    ellipsoid,    7-9    by    3-4    mic. Lecidea 

myrmecina,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  344.     L.  Friesii^  Ach.  Th.  Fr. 
Scand.  p.  416. 

Dead  pine  wood,  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Oakes.  Bark  of  White 
Cedar,  New  Bedford,  Willey.  Apothecia  scarcely  exceeding 
imm.  in  width. 

*  *  Eubiatora.  Thallua  granuloses  now  much  reduced, 
or  disappearing;  but  now  ascending  to  squamulose  types,  as 
in  nos.  16,  17,  20,  59,  and  60. 

t  Sjiores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  simple. 
a.   iStock  of  B.   coarctata. 

16.  B.  coarctata,  (Sm.  Nyl.)  Thallus  of  minute,  squam- 
aceous  areoles,  now  scattered,  and  often  crenate-ettigurate, 
but  passing  into  a  contiguous  chinky  crust,  from  glaucescent 
soon  ash  coloured ;  apothecia  small  to  minute,  adnate, 
counivent,  becoming  open  and  gyalectiform,  and  finally  flat, 
often  difiForm,  from  pale-flesh  coloured  black,  clothed  with  an 
accessory    thalline    veil,   or,   this    disappearing,    lecideoid. 

Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid  14-23  by  7-11  mic. Lecidea,  Nyl. 

Scand.  p.  196.     Th.  Fi'.  Scand.  p.  447.     Parmelia,  Fr.  L. 
E.  p.  104. 

b.  Brujeriana,  Schaer. ;  thallus  granulose,  or  obsolete ; 
apothecia  reaching  middling  size,  at  length  elevated,  black, 
and  more  or  less  flat,  with  a  stout  margin  soon  variously 

flexuous-irregular,  the  thalline  margin  wanting. Schcer. 

Enum.p.  77.     Lecidea  Brujeriana,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  449. 

Lime-rocks,  Vermont  {Frost)  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 
Granitic  rocks,  Massachusetts,  and  Maine,  Willey;  and 
Pennsylvania,  Dr.  J.  W.  Eckfeldt.  On  the  earth,  California, 
Bolander.  Rocks,  Washington  Terr.,  Suksdorf. b,  Sand- 
rock  (resembling  the  rock  of  the  Vosges  on  which  this 
marked  form  was  first    found).     Aiken,    South    Carolina, 


1$ 


BIATORA. 


Jtavenel. The  proper  exciple  is  the  most  pronounced  of 

the  fruit-envelopes,  and  the  biatorine  affinity  the  most  clear ; 
but  this  leaves  undisturbed  the  curious  resemblance  to 
OycUecta.  Some  wruers  note  a  double  margin  exterior  to  the 
proper  one  ;  and  if  I  recognize  this  structure  correctly  in  one 
of  our  forms  (Grand  Menan,  Willey)  the  intermediate 
envelope  seems  by  its  pale-brown  colour  to  suggest  (the 
connivent  disk  shewing  also  often  a  white,  powdery  veil) 
some  Thelotrema. 


h.  Stock  of  B.  granulosa. 

17.  B.  glebuloaa,  Fr. ;  thallus  of  appressed,  from  glebous 
soon  extended,  lobed  and  crenate,  thickish  scales,  which  are 
crowded  together  convex  and  variously  contorted  at  the 
centre,  but  efBgurate  at  the  circumference,  glaucous,  and 
white;  apothecia  appressed,  ample,  flat,  an  obtuse,  paler 
margin  bordering  a  pale-flesh  coloured,  reddish,  lurid-brown, 
or  finally  black  disk,  which  is  at  length  convex,  often  con- 

^  glomerate.    Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  10-12  by  5-6  mic. Fr. 

L.  E.  p.  252.     Lecidea  Salweii,  Borr.;  Leight.  Lick.  Fl, 
Brit.  p.  249.    Biatora  Wallrothii^  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  193. 

On  the  earth  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  California  (B0lander) 
Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Oregon,  Hall.  Washington  Terri- 
tory, Suksdorf. 1  have  seen  but  few  spores. 

18.  B.  granulosa,  (Ehrh.)  Poetsch ;  thallus  tartareous, 
eflfuse,  of  hemispherical,  soon  dilated  and  wart-like,  irregularly 
sub-lobate  and  sub-imbricate,  greyish-white  and  ash  coloured, 
smooth  granules,  bursting  often  into  more  or  less  greenish 
powdery  heaps ;  apothecia  at  length  middling-sized,  appressed, 
flattish,  brick-coloured,  flesh-coloured  passing  into  livid,  oli- 
vaceous-brown, anJ.  black,  with  a  thin,  elevated  margin  which 
is  soon  excluded,  and  the  fruit  turgid,  difform  and  con- 
glomerate— the  thallus  at  length  crowded  into  little  gray 
cushions    interspersed    among    black    ones   of  the  heaped 

apothecia.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  9-15  by  5-7  mic. Ach. 

L.   U.  p.  383  {sub  Lecanora)   Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  37. 
Biatora  decolorans,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  266,  a  &  b. 

On  turfy  and  sandy  soil,  and  also  on  dead  mosses,  and 


BIATORA. 


17 


(tend  wcmkI,  especially  in  mountainous  districts.  Arctic 
America  (Richardson)  Hooker,  /.  c.  1H23.  Canada,  ^1.  T. 
Drummond.  New  England,  Tuckerman.  New  York,  Peck. 
New  .Jersey,  AiifUin.  Pennsylvania,  Michener.  Kocky 
Mountains,  Bourgeau.     Oregon,  Hall. 


\**>.  {h)  B.  jlexHosa,  Fr. ;  thallus  thinner  than  in  the  last, 
the  granules  smaller,  often  flattened  into  sub-ettigurute 
areoles,  or  crowded  and  somewhat  rugose-plicate,  greenish- 
gray  or  grayish-green,  bursting  often  int<j  jwwdery  heaps  as 
in  a ;  apothecia  small,  the  black  disk  always  flat,  the  thin, 
livid  margin  at  length  very  flexuous.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid, 

6-10  by  ',i-o  mic. Fr.  Lkh.  Suec.  n.  221.     li.  decolorana 

6,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  268.    Lecklea,  Xyl.  Scand.  p.  197. 

On  dead  wood.  Carbonized  stumps  of  l*ine  in  the  White 
Mountains;  and  on  Chestnut  rails,  Mass.,  Tuckerman  Gen. 
1872.  On  Hemlock,  and  White  Cedar,  Mass.,  Willey.  Old 
rails,  Maryland,  Tuckerman.  Old  Pine  boards.  South 
Carolina,  and  on  Bald  Cypress,  Georgia,  Ravenel. 


m 


U 


V,i| 


19.  B.  viridescens,  (Schrad.)  Fr. ;  thallus  effuse,  of  very 
minute,  smooth,  or  deliquescent  and  powdery  granules, 
grayish-green ;  apotuecia  L:mall,  sessile,  scon  convex,  and 
black,  commonly  conglomt  rate,  the  disk  more  or  less  sca- 
brous,  t'  e  thin,   livid  margin   earl"   disappearing.     Spores 

ovoid,  c-I:f  by  4-6   mic. Koerb.  3yat.  p.  201,  b.  Lecidea 

viridescens,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  445. 

b.  gelatinosa,  Fr. ;  thallus the  granules  running  to- 
gether   or     obsolescent sub-membranaceous  ;     apothecia 

larger,  appressed,  much  flattened,  sub-immarginate,  ismoothish, 

soon  confluent   and  variously  difform. Lecidea,  Floerk. 

Ach.  Syn.  p.  26.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  446. 

On  rotten  wood.  White  Mountains,  N.H.,  and  Western 
Mass.,  Ttickerman,  Gen.  1872.  Vermont,  Frost.  New  York, 
Peck.     New  Jersey,  Austin. b.  White  Mountains,  Willey. 

c.  Stock  of  B.  vernalis  ;  which  may  also  be  taken,  in 
a  wide  sense,  to  include  all  the  remaining  sections,,  and 
subordinate  groups  of  the  genus,  as  here  known. 


18 


BIATORA. 


I 


\h 


jl':! 


il:l!: 


I  Thalltu  glaucescent. 

20.  B.  parvifolia^  (Pere.)  Tuckerm. ;  tballus  squamulose, 
the  small,  thin,  appressed  and  ascendant,  crenate  HcaleH  soon 
palmately  cleft,  and  at  length  irregularly  linear-niultitid, 
passing  also  into  coralloid  brancblets,  glaucous-green  becom- 
ing whitish,  brownish,  and  reddish-brown,  upon  a  more  or 
less  developed,  from  white  soon  rufous,  and  finally  black 
hypothalluB ;  apothecia  small  to  middling-sized,  flatiish, 
papillate,  and  proliferous-difform,  the  stout,  sub-flexuous 
margin  at  length  disappearing  and  the  convex  fruit  heaped, 
brown,  fulvous,  and  black.     Spores  from  ellipsoid  soon  and 

characteristically  oblong,  7-15  by  2-4  mic. Oen.  p.  157 ; 

Obs.  Lich.  3.  I.  c.  6,  p.  272;  &  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  179- 
185  {sub  Lecidea.)  Parmelia  (Paoroma)  Mont.  Cub.  p.  215^ 
t.  10,  f.  3.  Biatora  Fendleri,  Mont.  &  Tuck,  in  Ann.  4,  8,  p. 
296.  Lecidea  parvifolia,  L.  breviuacula,  L.  longinactda,  L. 
intermediella,  &  L.  parvi/oliella,  Nyl.  in  Prodr.  Nov.  Gran, 
pp.  54,  130. 

b.  aubgranuloaa,  Tuck. ;  scales  much  reduced,  squama- 
ceouB-granulose. Oba.  Lich.  I.  c. 

c.  corallina,  Tuck. ;  scales  wholly  changed  into  coralloid 
branchlets. Oba.  Lich.  I.  c. 

Trees  in  tropical  America ;  exhibited  also  in  less  luxuriant 
conditions  in  the  southern  United  States,  and  rarely  also 
northward.  Louisiana,  (Hale)  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1858.  Texas, 
Ravenel;  Hall.  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  Beaumont,  &c. 
Florida,  Auatin.  Georgia,  and  South  Carolina,  Ravenel. 
Virginia,  Tuckerman.     Illinois,  Hall.     New  Jersey,  Austin. 

Exceedingly  variable  in  tropical  America,  and  several 

more  marked  conditions  were  indicated  as  varieties  by  the 
writer  {I.  c.)  and  have  since  been  raised  to  species  by 
Nylander  {I.  c.)  but  there  can  be  no  hold  in  such  discrimina- 
tion, and  no  limit  to  the  number  of  such  species.  If  nowhere 
else,  larger  views  than  this  of  specific  distinction  are  required 
in  tropical  lichens.  Our  plant  at  once  exceeds  notably  the 
character  of  its  group,  and  yet  clearly  falls  back  into  it. 

21.  B.  camptocarpa,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  thin,  scurfy 


HIATORA. 


19 


iH'ooiiiing  ^rniiulose,  ^laucesceut ;  apotbeoia  small  (U™™-,  4-7, 
Itiit  reaching  1'"'**  in  width)  seuile,  flattish,  a  dark-livid- 
hr<»wniHh  or  reddish  disk  bordered  by  an  obtiitte,  Anally 
flexiiouH  niar^^in,  which  m  at  length  exelude<l,  the  bypothecium 
blnckiHii-hrowii.  8i)ore8  narrow  oblong,  5-12  by  o.  2  mio., 
niinicroiiH  (2()-.'iO?)  in  the  thekes,  the  oaraphyses  scarcely 
diHtinct. 

I'lMjii  bark  on  the  Caloosa  river,  Florida,  Auatin. 

'2'2.  li.  fnrfiirom,  Tuckerin.  ;  thallus  effuse,  of  minute, 
rounded,  scattered,  Je  to  dark-ashy-gray  grantdes,  on  a 
thin,  blackening  hy)M>thallus ;  apothecia  reaching  middling 
size,  sessile,  pale-yellowish-brown  (and  blackening)  disk, 
bordered  by  a  thin,  transversely  striate  black  margin,  which 
is    finally   excluded,   and   imi>o8ed   upon   a   blackish-brown 

liypothecium.      Spores   ovoid,    12-16   by   6-8   mic. Oba. 

Lich.  a,  I.  c.  6*,  p.  274;  &  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  189. 

Trees,  (Cuba,  Wright)  Caloosa  river,  Florida,  Austin. 

23.  B.  Jiyj)omela,  Nyl. ;  thallus  contiguous,  chinky  and 
granulate,  greenish-glaucescent,  cinerascent,  and  brownish ; 
apothecia  middling-sized,  appressed,  flattish,  the  disk  from 
bright-passing  into  lurid-tawny-dark-chestnut  and  blackish- 
brown,  bordered  by  an  obtuse,  livid,  blackening  margin,  and 
finally  convex,  and  proliferous,  imposed  upon  a  black  hypo- 

theciinn.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,   10-18   by   6-10  mic. 

Nyl.  Lich.  exot.  I.  c.  p.  223,  &  in  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  57. 

Trees.    Houston,  Texas,  ^aveneZ;  ^aW.    Darien,  Georgia, 

Ravenel.     Alabama,   Beaumont.     Florida,   Austin. The 

spores  of  the  original  lichen  of  Nylander  {Ldch.  exot.) 
are  noted  as  almost  twice  larger;  but  this  difference  dis- 
appears in  a  specimen  from  Cuba  detcnined  by  the  author 
of  the  species,  the  spores  of  which  agree  in  size  with  those  of 
the  more  northern  specimens  described  above. 

24.  B.  peliaspis,  Tuckerm.  emend.;  thallus  thin,  rugose- 
verruculose,  glaucescent  (or  obsolete)  ;  apothecia  small  to 
minute,  sessile,  plano-convex,  disk  dark-livid-fuscescent, 
naked  or  delicately  white-pruinose,  the  thin,  blackening,  and 


so 


BIATORA. 


hri^lit  and  fltiftUy  floxuouH  margin  at  h>ii)^h  (IcniiHH  and  d'8- 
appcnring,  the  thick  hypothpciuin  blackiHii-hrown.  K|N)reM 
vnrioiiH  in  8lia|)o  and  Mze,  finally  acntate-ellipHoid,  i\-l'2  liy 

i\-V,   iiiic,    |)ara|)liyB(*H  conglutinat(>. B.  j)elianjn»  <fc   B. 

pelianpiftteM,  Ob».  IJch.  4,  /.  c,  12,  p.  1"^ 

Irving  bnrk,  and  dead  w<kkI  of  Corr'  ,  Wliitf  Mountains, 
Tiirkerman,  1.  c.  1M77.  (tatti)^  CV  ,  Canada,  Macoun. 
IMaH8nchu8ett8,  Willey.  And  scarcely  different  from  the 
iSouth. 


'2^).  B.  mutabilis,  (tYe)  ;  thalhiH  scurfy,  becoming;  con- 
tiguous and  chinky,  cinerascent ;  apothccia  small,  appressed, 
from  flattish  soon  convex,  the  disk  varying  from  pale  to  durk- 
reddish-brown,  the  thin,  darker  margin  disappearing,  within 

colourless.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  12-17  by  fi-!>  mic. 

Fh  Snjtpl.  p.  105,  t.  42,/.  Id.    Nifl.  Enum.  Hunnot,  p.  14. 
Leight.  Lich.  Fl.  Brit.  p.  298. 

Trees,  Mexico,  Tx'ighton,  /.  c.  ,  1871.  I  have  what  I  take 
for  this  lichen  from  Louisiana,  Hale;  and  Florida,  Avstin ; 
agreeing  very  well  with  other  specimens  referable  here  from 
Brazil,  Herb.  V.  d.  Bosch,  and  Herb.  Kunz.,  and  no  less  with 
the  Irish  plant  (Herb.  Taylor). 

26.  B.  nissula,  (Ach.)  Mont. ;  thallus  sub-cartilagineous, 
rimose-areolate  soon  granulate  and  rugose  (rarely  soredii- 
ferous)  greenish-ashcoloured,  liniited  more  or  loss  by  the 
blackening  hypothallus ;  apothecia  small  to  middling-sized, 
sessile,  smooth,  flat,  a  little  concave,  becoming  flexuous  and 
lobed,  or  also  convex,  and  the  thin,  soon  inconspicuous  mar- 
gin   disappearing,    scarlet,    within    yellow.      Spores    from 

ellipsoid  soon  oblong,  8-12  by  3-4  mic. Ach.  L.  U.  p.  197; 

Syn.  p.  40. 

Trees,  North  America,  Acharius  Syn.  1814.  First  obser\-ed 
in  the  warmer  regions  of  South  America,  this  is  found  also  in 
.lapan  {Wright)  in  Portugal  and  the  South  of  France  (Nyl.) 
and  here  nearly  throughout  the  United  States.  Florida, 
Chapman.  Alabama,  Beaumont.  South  Carolina,  Ravenel. 
North  Carolina,  Curtis.  Rocky  Mountains,  Parry.  Ohio, 
Lea.     New  Jersey,  Austin.     New  York,  Sartwell. 


BIATORA. 


tl 


27.  B.  cinnabarina,  (Somiiiorf.)  Fr.  ;  tliAlliiH  cffiiHo,  thin, 
chinky,  8<x)n  graiiulat«>,  kikI  nif;(Nt4'-v(>rniciil(W(>,  );lntU'oui»- 
whitiHh  ;  a|H)tbeoin  Hinall  toiiii(hllii>x-Hizi'<l,  apprt'HHi'd,  Hrarlet, 
with  a  deniimi  border,  hut  H<Kin  convex  nnd  iiMinargitiat«>,  and 
at    length    flpxuouB-h)batt>,    and    prnlifcrouH,    within    pale. 

Spores  oblong,  H-12  by  2-.'J  niic. Lecideo,  Smnmerf.  iMpp. 

p.  170.     Biatora,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  2fHi.     Koerb.  Synt.  p.  206. 
Lecidea,  Th.  Fr.  Sraud.  p.  422. 

Trees,  in  the  colder  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere ; 
as  also  in  the  Australian  alps,  (ireenland  (Vahl)  Th.  Kr. 
/.  c.  18G1.     British  Columbia,  3faeoun.     Oregon,  Lynll. 

28.  B.  c«7>rea,  (Sonimerf.)  Kr. ;  tbnllus  tartareous,  of 
contiguous,  sub-lobate  granules,  milky-white  (becoming 
yellowish  with  age)  ;  aiK)thecia  small  to  almost  middling- 
sized,  adnate,  hemispherical,  immnrginate,  ochrnceous-rufous 
passing  into  dark-ferrugineous,  reddish-brown,  and  blackish, 
often   conglomerate.     S|>ore8   from  ellipsoid   soon   oblong, 

12-1')  by  3-6  mic. Lecidea,  Sommerf.  Lajtp.  p.  165.    Th. 

Fr.  Scand.  p.  426.     Biatora,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  265. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions.  Oreenland 
{Vahl)  Th.  Fr.  1.  c.  1861.  Islands  of  IJehriug's  Straits, 
Wright. 

29.  B.  vemalis,  (L.)  Fr. ;  thallus  thin,  now  contiguous 
and  chinky,  but  oftener  minutely  granulose,  from  pale  be- 
coming ashy-greenish,  and  glaucescent;  apothecia  small, 
soon  turgid  and  excluding  the  obtuse  margin,  often  clustered 
and  conglomerate,  from  pale-yellowish-soon  tawny-and 
reddish-brown,  and  now  finally  blackening.     Spores  ellipsoid 

becoming  oblong,  often  bilocular,  12-18  by  4  6  mic. Fr. 

Summ.,  a;  L.  E.,  b;  Lich.  Suec.  n.  224.     Tuckerm.  Lich. 
exs.  n.  44. 

Upon  mosses,  and  bark ;  more  rarely  on  dead  wood. 
Arctic  America  {Richardson)  Hooker,  /.  c.  1823;  Vahl; 
Wright.  Anticosti,  Macoun.  Canada,  Agassiz*  New  Eng- 
land, Tuckerman.  New  York,  Peck.  New  Jersey,  Austin. 
Ohio,  Lesquereux. 

30.  B.  sanguineo-atra,  (Fr.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thickish. 


BIATORA. 


•iM 


of  lii>a|>e(t,  coaleMCiMit  (granules,  from  ^reen  tM'coiniiiff  Kray ; 
a|M>tlH'(MK    rrac-hing    niUldlinft   hizc,    tlattish,    but — the   tiiiii 
mar^rin  <iiHap|M>arinf{ — mmmi  convex,  dark-riiiity  brown,  <lurk- 
Hant^iiincoiiH,  aiul  at  h-n^^h   black,   the  hy|iotheciinn  dark. 
S|M)n'H  more  or  U'hh  (often  futtifomi-)  ellipHoid,  l()-2(Miy  4-() 

nii<r. Turkerm.  A'l/n.  N.  E.  p.  fiO.     Ijecidea^  Nyl.  Prtxlr. 

p.  I0(j ;  tSraiid.  p.  19U.  JiicUora  vernalia  b,  Hanguineo-atra^ 
Fr.  L.  E.  p.  2U3;  Lich.  Snec.  n.  223. 

V\yon  (lead  niOHHCH  at  the  base  of  trecH,  and  on  the  earth. 
New  England,  Tuekerman^  I.  c.  1H4M.  Canada,  A.  T. 
JJrnmmond.  New  York,  RuhmH.  New  Jersey,  Avntiu. 
lUinoiH,  Hall.  Virginia,  Curtis.  MoiintniuH  of  (Jeorjfin, 
Ravejiel.     Kocky    MountainH,    Hall.     California,   Bolavdcr. 

Oregon,  Cuaick. Lecidea  mtHcella,  Sommerf.  {L.  Beren- 

fjeriana,  'I'h.  Fr.  L,  ctiprea,  v.  Berei)geriana,  Nyl.,  e  Fellni. 
n.  UJ2)  iH  Hcarcely  well  diutinguished  from  the  present.  The 
lichen  next  following  is  perhaps  more  distinct. 

31.  B.  Diapennim,  (Th.  Fr.)  thallus  very  thin,  whitish,  or 
obsolete ;  apothecia  small  to  ample  (O™™-,  T-i"""*  wide) 
seKHile,  tlat,  but  the  reddish-brown  and  blackening  disk  at 

jijgth  convex  and  tuberculate,  and  the  uneven,  finally 
flexuous,  black  margin  disappearing,  the  hypothecium  dark- 
reddish  brown.     Spoies  from  ellipsoid  soon  oblong,  10-14  by 

4-r»  mic. Lecidea.,  Th.  Fi\  Lich.  Arct.  p.  209 ;  Scand.  p. 

489.     Tuck.  Gen.  p.  180.     Nyl.  Lapp.  Or.  p.  144. 

On  dead  Diapenaia^  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1872. 

32.  B.  rvfo-fuaca,  Anz. ;  thallus  thickish,  verruculose- 
granulose,  whitish  ;  apothecia  small,  flat,  with  a  thin  margin, 
becoming  convex  and  immarginate,  from  reddish-brown  at 
length  blackish-purple,  the  hypothecium  pale.  Spores  ovoid- 
ellipsoid,  "  13-18  by  6-8^  mic." Anz.  Catal.  Sondr.  p. 

76;  &  Lich.  Lang.  n.  178.     Lecidea,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  416, 

Upon  turfy  earth  in  alpine  and  arctic  districts.  Greenland 
{Vahl)  Th.  Fr.  /.  c.  1861.  I  have  not  seen  the  (Greenland 
lichen,  but  a  sp«>cimen  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in 
Colorado  (Brandegee  in  herb.  Sprague)  with  the  thallus  of 
Lecid.  miscella,  Sommerf.,  agrees  entirely  with  the  present  in 


On 


BIATORA.  tl 

the  char«ct«iiatioftl  broft4l>llinl»t«  H|N)reH,  and  the  pale  hypo- 
tht-c'iiim.  There  are  other  iiu>int)erH  of  the  present  M>rieH, 
an  here  underatood,  in  which  the  thalluM  iit  Hcareely  devt* lo|>ed, 
or  only  hy|M>phlH>oua.  In  part,  theae  are  couinion  to  uh  with 
Kiirope :  time  muat  decide  whether  thia  be  not  the  cam>  with 
the  othera  also. 

H.'i.  B.  camulenta,  Tuckerm. ;  thnlliia  obttolete ;  u|M)tlu'cia 
Biiiall  to  minute  (()""»•,  A — O"™"".^  g  wide)  adniite,  convex,  the 
soon  naked  (lisk  pale-livid-flesh-coloured,  the  demiHH  mar);in 
indicated  by  its  darker  colour,  or  <|uite  diHap|H>arin^,  the 
hypothecium  colourlestt.  SiM>re8  ovoid-ellipHoid,  7-11  by  8-5 
niic. Oba.  Lick.  4,  I.  c.  J2yp.  170. 

On  dead,  soft  wood.  White  Mountains,  TwrAermaw,  /.  r., 
1877.     On  the  name  substrate,  MiutsachuHettH,  Maine,  and 

New  York,  Willey.     Illinois,  Hall. With  this  I  ussociate 

for  the  present  a  lichen  of  dead  wckhI,  in  most  respects 
similar,  but  differing  in  brown,  rusty-brown,  and  at  length 
blackening  a|M)thecia,  which  the  agglutinate  paruphyses,  pre- 
vent my  referring  to  the  European  B.  phwoHtiyma,  Koerb. ; 
inadequately  exhibited  in  the  published  exsiccati. 

34.  B.  punctella,  Willey ;  thallus  obsolete  ;  apotheeia  very 
minute  (0™™-,  1 — O™"™-,  2)  adnate,  convex  and  imnmrginate, 
from  livid-pale  soon  black,  the  hypothecium  colourless. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  5-7  by  3  mic,  the  few  paraphyses  con- 
glutinate. Willey  msc. 

On    dead    wood,   New   Bedford,    Mass.,    Willey. Our 

smallest  Biatora. 

35.  B.  turgidula^  (Fr.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  thin,  scurfy,  whitish, 
or  obsolete  ;  apotheeia  small  to  minute,  adnate,  from  tiattish 
soon  turgid,  and  now  tuberculate,  immarginate,  from  pale- 
brownish  or  rufescent  becoming  black,  more  or  less  white- 
pruinose,  for  the  most  part  dark  within.     Spores  ellipsoid 

and  oblong-ellipsoid,  6-12  by  3-5  mic. Lecidea,  Fr.  Koerb. 

Syat.  p.  243.  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  469.  L.  vernaliH^  v. 
turgidula,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  201 . 

On   the   bark  of  coniferous   tr'ses^   and   on   dead   wood. 


24 


BIATORA. 


Greenland  {VaU)  Th.  Fr.  ?.  c,  18G1.  On  bark  of  White 
Cedar,  and  on  dead,  soft  wo(mI,  Massachusetts,  and  New 
Hi  ni|)8hire,  Willey.  On  dead  wood,  Illinois,  Hall.  On 
Librocedrrts,  California,  Bolander.  On  other  coniferous  trees, 

VV^aHhinf^ton  Terr.,  Suksdorf. The  paler-fruited  specimens 

are  so  far  suHlcieiitly  marked  ;  but  appear  scarcely  separable. 

{  X  Thallus  more  or  less  fuscescerU. 

36.  B.  rivulosa^  (Ach.)  Fr. ;  thallus  tartareons,  areolate- 
rimosc  pussing  now  into  verrucose,  now  glaucescent,  cream- 
coloured,  or  grayish-rufeacent,  but  more  commonly  mouse- 
coloured,  or  passing  finally  into  blackish-brown,  bordered  and 
docussnhHl  by  the  black  hypothallus ;  apotbecia  middling- 
sized,  from  sessile  at  length  commonly  adnate,  or  elevated? 
tlattish,  tbe  disk  with  a  thin,  white  bloom,  or  naked,  from 
brownish-fleshcoloured  soon  blackening,  white  within,  the 
thin,  soon  tlexuous  margin  rarely  excluded.  Spores  ovoid- 
ellipsoid,  mostly  a  little  curved,  9-12  by  3-5  mic. Fr.  L. 

E.  p.  271.   Lecidea,  Schmr.  Enum.  p.  Ill  {Spicil.  p.  131.) 

b.  mollis.,  Wahl. ;  spores  smaller,  rounded-ovoid,  6-9  by 

5-6  mic. Lecidea  mollis,  2fyl.  Scand.  p.  223.     Th.  Fr. 

Scand.  p.  451. 

Rocks.  Arctic  America  (Richardson)  Hooker  I.  c.  1823. 
New  England,  Tuckerman.  Pennsylvania,  &c.,  Muhlenberg, 
&c.     Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Herb.  Willey.    Aiken, 

South  Carolina,  liavenel. b.  alpine  rocks,\Vhite  Mountains, 

Tuckerman. The  v.  Kochiana,  Fr.,  {Lecidea  Kochiana, 

Nyl.  /.  c,  L.  lygwa,  Th.  Fr.  I.  c.)  with  a  smoother,  broken 
but  scarcely  areolnte  thallus,  and  apothecia  more  or  less 
innate  and  soon  immarginate,  has  not  been  observed  here. 

.'17.  B. /eitcop/ta'a,  Floerk. ;  "thallus  verrucose  or  verrucose- 
areolate,  scattered  or  conglobate,  cinerascent,  upon  a  black 
hypothallus ;  apothecia  small,  aduate  or  appressed,  per- 
sistently or  long  flat,  with  a  thin  margin,  rufous-brown, 
brown  or  livid-black,  or  black,  the  exciple  pale  or  more  or 
less  brownish,  white  within.     Spores  ellipsoid,  or  oblong, 

9-14    by   5-7   mic." Lecidea,    Th.    Fr.   Scand.  p.  458. 

Biatora  panwola,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  273,  a.     L.panceoloides,  Nyl. 


BIATORA. 


tft 


Scand.  p.  193. 

b.  griseoiUra,  Koerb. ;  thallus  thicker,  gray  or  blackish- 
gray  ;  a{>othecia  larger,  often  angulate  or  tlexuous,  blackish 
when  dry,  more  or  less  dark-blackish-purple  when  moist, 
often  polished. Th.  Fr.  I.  c. 

Granite  rocks  in  mountainous  and  arctic  regions.  Arctic 
America,  (b)  Th.  /?V»€s  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  1879. 

38.  B.fuaceacens,  (Sommerf.)  Fr. ;  thallus  sub-determinato, 
of  minute,  sparse,  whitish  granules,  scattered  over  a  blacken- 
ing hypothallus  which  lends  colour  to  the  whole,  but  is  now 
obsolete  ;  apothecia  small  to  minute,  superficial,  plano-convex, 
brown  soon  blackening,  the  thin  margin  hnally  diHappearing, 
the  bypothecium  colourless.     Spores  ellipsoid,  or  globular, 

"  6-10  by  4-7  mic." Leddea,  Sommerf.  JSuppl.  Lapp.  p. 

161.     Biatora,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  273. 

On  the  young  bark  of  Birch  ( Sommerf elt ;  Fries)  and  often 
trees  and  shrubs  (Nylander  ;  Th.  Fries)  in  the  extreme  north 
of  Europe,  Also  in  Greenland  {Vahl)  Th.  Fries  I.  c.  1801  ; 
but  not  as  yet  known  elsewhere  in  North  America. 

38.  (b)  B.  Paddenais^  Tuck.,  in  lift. ;  thallus  of  scattered, 
cartilagineous,  at  length  flattened  granules,  glaucescent,  and 
white,  the  hypothallus  indistinct ;  apothecia  middling-sized 
(0"""',  5-1"""'  in  width)  sessile,  from  flat  when  often  per- 
sistently so  and  the  margin  finally  flexuous,  passing  into 
convex  and  the  margin  disappearing,  from  pale  tawny  often 
livid  passing  into  dark-red  and  blackish,  the  hypothecium 
colourless.  Spores  in  8^,  globular  at  length  ovoid,  simple, 
6-10  by  6-7  mic,  &  finally  more  elongated,  and  c.  10-12  by 
4-6  mic,  the  slender  paraphyses  cong'utinate. 

On  dead,  coniferous  wood,  Mt.  Paddo,  Washington  Terri- 
tory, IF.  N.  Suksdorf,  in  herb.  Sprague. It  is  not  easy  to 

reduce  this  lichen  to  the  tiny  arctic  one  with  which  it  is  here 
associated,  but  the  former  is  scarcely  more  than  a  coarser 
and  higher-coloured  state  of  B.  fuscescens. 

39.  B.  Nylanderi,  Anz. ;  thallus  effuse,  of  very  minute, 
ashcoloured  and  whitish  granules  ;  apothecia  small,  at  length 


i 


16 


BUTORA. 


adnate,  flat,  but  soon  convex,  excluding  the  originally  pale 
margin,  brownish-rufous,  within  pale.     Spores  glol)08e,  5-7 

naic.  in  diameter. Leddea,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  462.    L. 

Jkisceacena,  Nyl.  Prodr.  p.  117,  not  of  Sommerfeh . 

Bark  of  Pitch  Rne,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Tucke^man  Oen. 
1872.     On  the  same  bark.  New  Bedford,  Willey. 

40.  B.  Tomoenais,  (Nyl.)  Th.  Fr. :  thallus  of  flattened 
granules  crowded  and  confluent  into  an  irregular,  now 
areolate-rimose  crust,  olivaceous-brown ;  apothecia  small  to 
minute,  superficial,  convex  becoming  irregularly  tuberculate, 
and  immargiuate,  sanguineous-rufous  aud  blackening,  palles- 
cent  toward  the  base  more  or  less,  finally  confluent  into 
difform  masses,  pale  within.     Spores  broad-ellipsoid,  17-25 

by  10-17  mic. Lecidea  Nyl.  Scand.  p.   195.     Th.  Fr. 

Scand.  p.  464. 

On  various  trees  and  shrubs,  and  on  dead  wood  in  the 
extreme  north  of  Europe.  Also  in  Greenland  {Vahl)  Th. 
Fr.  I.  c.  1861 ;  as  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America,  the  same,  1879. 
White    Mountains,    alpine    regions,     WiUey.      California, 

Bolander.     Washington  Territory,  Suksdorf. 1  have  not 

seen  the  Greenland  lichen,  but  all  the  other  North  American 
plants  exhibit  a  well-developed  thallus,  by  no  means  recog- 
nized in  the  European  descriptions,  although  it  appears  in 
one  of  the  specimens  of  Rabenh.  exa.  n.  879  (B.  phoeoatigma, 
Sweden,  Hellbom)  which  in  every  other  respect  agrees  with 
the  present  species.  Hypothallus  scarcely  determinable  in 
my  specimens. 

41.  B.  holopolia,  Tuck.,  in  lift.;  thallus  of  coarse,  round, 
discrete,  or  finally  crowded,  cartilagineous,  olivaceous- 
brown,  and  blackening  granules  (0™"-,  1-3  wide)  the  hypo- 
thallus indistinct ;  apothecia  middling-sized  (0™™-,  5-1"""-,  5 
in  width)  adnate,  from  flat  with  an  obtuse  margin  finally 
convex,  flexuous-lobate  and  proliferous,  from  ferrugineous- 
rufous,  soon  blackening,  the  hypothecium  colourless.  Spores 
ovoid,  guttated,  9-14  by  4-7  mic,  the  paraphyses  conglutinate. 

Dead  wood  in  the  Yakima  region,  Washington  Territory, 
Suksdorf  in  herb.  Sprague. 


BIATORA. 


27 


42.  S.  nliginoM^  (Schrad.)  Fr. ;  thallas  effuse,  of  scattered 
or  hea|>ed,  commonly  very  minute  granules,  from  dark-green 
passing  into  olive,  finally  rusty-brown,  and  blackish,  on  a 
blackening  hypothallus  ;  apothecia  small  to  minute,  appressed, 
flat,  but  becoming  convex,  and  often  clustered,  and  confluent, 
from  rufous-brown  soon  blackening,  and  the  thin,  pale  margin 
concolorous  and  disappearing,  the  hypothecium  blackish- 
brown.  Spores  from  ovoid  passing  into  ellipsoid,  9-15  by 
4-7  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  275.     Nyl.  Scand.  p.  198. 

On  turfy  earth,  sand,  charred  pine-stumps,  and  rotting 
wood.  New  England,  Tuckerman,  Gen.  1872 ;  Willey. 
Anticosti,  Macoun.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Illinois,  Hcdl. 
North  Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Carolina,  Ravenel.  Washing- 
ton Territory,  Suksdorf. 

43.  B.  mj/riocarpoides,  (Nyl.);  thallus  very  thin,  scurfy, 
olivaceous-brownish,  or  obsolete ;  apothecia  minute,  adnate, 
from  flat,  and  originally  dark-livid-brown  with  a  thin  darker 
margin  soon  convex,  turgid,  and  black,  the  hypothecium 
blackish-brown.  Spores  ellipsoid  and  fusiform-ellipsoid,  6-9 
2^4  mic. Lecidea,  Nyl.  in  litt. 

On  dead  Pine  and  other  wood.  Lower  and  upper  country 
of  South  Carolina,  Ravenel.  Massachusetts,  Tuckerman. 
New  Hampshire,  and  New  York,  Willey.  Vermont,  Frost, 
On  bark  of  Oak,  Illinois,  Wolf. 

XXX  Thallus  ochroleucous. 

44.  B.  varians,  (Ach.)  ;  thallus  of  minute  granules  which 
grow  together  into  a  thin,  cartilagineous,  smooth,  or  granulate- 
rugose,  finally  chinky,  pale-yellowish,  or  greenish  crust, 
bordered  and  decussated  by  the  black  hypothallus  ;  apothecia 
very  minute,  (0™''^-,  15-0™™-,  3  wide)  adnate,  flat,  with  a 
thin,  demiss  margin,  but  soon  convex  and  immarginate,  often 
clustered  and  confluent,  from  p;  de-yellowish  passing  into 
brown,  rufous,  and  quite  black,  and  the  last  now  whitc- 
pruinose,  colourless  within.    Spores  ovoid  and  ellipsoid,  7-14 

5-8   mic. Lecidea,  Ach.   Syn.  p.  38.     Biatora  exigua 

(Ohaub.)  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  278. 

On  bark,  very  common ;  and  also  on  dead  ^ood.     North 


lAi 


1? 


88 


BIATORA. 


America,  Acbarius  I.  c.  1814.  New  England,  Tuckerman. 
New  Jersey,  Austin.  Pennsylvania,  Michener.  Ohio,  Lea. 
Illinois,  Hall.  Maryland,  Tuckerm.  North  Carolina,  Curtis. 
South  Carolina,  Ravenel.  Alabama  and  Florida,  Peters^  &c. 
Louisiana,  Hale.     Texas,  WrigJU. 

4;>.  B.  (juernea,  (Dicks.)  Fr. ;  thallus  effuse,  of  minute, 
crowded  and  heaped  granules,  from  greenish  becoming  pale- 
brownisL -yellow ;  apothecia  small,  more  or  less  immersed, 
from  Hat  with  a  pale  margin  soon  convex  and  immarginate, 
brownish-red,  brown,  and  blackening,  pale  within.     Spores 

broad-ovoid,  exceptionally  now  reddish,  8-12  by  4-fi  raic. 

Fr.  L.  E.  p.  279.  Lecidea,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  425. 
Pyrrhospora,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  209. 

O  1  tiie  bark  of  Pine,  and  other  trees,  California,  (Bolander) 
Tuckerman  Oen.  1872.  The  black  hypothalline  lines  observ- 
able now  in  the  European  lichen  have  not,  owing  to  the 
conterminous  black-edged  lichens  with  which  ours  grows, 
been  clearly  made  out  in  the  latter,  but  the  two  are  q  lite  the 

same. A  lichen  of  dead  wood  in  the  Mexican  island  of 

Guadalupe  {Dr.  Palmer  in  herb.  Willey)  differs  in  larger, 
more  or  less  confluent,  and  not  at  all  powdery  granules,  quite 
black  but  not  otherwise  distinguishable  apothecia,  and  larger, 
though  similar  spores,  10-16  by  6-8  mic. 

45.  (b)  B.  Jlavido-livens,  Tuckerm.  in  litt. ;  thallus  much 
as  that  of  the  last,  and  furnished  now  with  black  hypothalline 
lines ;  apothecia  also  not  dissiml!j,i-  but  olivaceous-livid. 
Spores  oblong,  9-17  by  3-4  mic,  often  sub-bilocular. 

On  Hemiock,  and  other  trunks ;  and  also  rarely  on  rocks, 
New  Bedford,  Willey;  who  remarks  that  the  thallus  is 
common,  but  occurs  very  seldom  with  fruit.  The  spores 
cannot  well  be  reconciled  with  those  of  B.  quernea. 

46.  B.  lucida,  (Ach.)  Fr. ;  ihallus  effuse,  of  minute 
scattered  granules,  which  dissolve  from  the  first,  upon  rocks, 
into  a  fine  powder,  collected  now  into  little  heaps,  greenish- 
yellow  ;  apothecia  small  to  minute,  convex,  lemon-coloured, 
becoming  pale,  and  now  brownish,  and  often  conglomerate  or 
confluent,    the    margin    very    early    disappearing.     Spores 


BIATORA.  S9 

oblong-ovoid,  4-6  by  2-3  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  280.    Leddea, 

Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  187.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  432. 

Rocks,  in  shaded  places,  as  also  on  the  bare  roots  of  trees, 
and  dead  wood.  Arctic  America,  (Richardson)  Hooker  /.  c. 
1823.     New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey.    New  York,  Peck. 

XXXX  ThaJlus  externally  deficient. 

47.  B.  calcivora,  (Mass.,  Nyl.)  thallus  confused  with  the 
calcareous  substrate ;  apothecia  small  to  minute,  immersed, 
or  emerging,  and  at  length  superficial,  flat  with  a  thin, 
irregular  margin,  or  convex  and  the  margin  early  disappearing, 
the  disk  dark-red  (especially  when  wet)  and  blackening,  the 
hypothecium  rufous-fuscescent.     SiK)res  ovoid,  12-23  by  <>-9 

mic. Nyl.    Prodr.   p.    135;  Lick.    Par.    n.   138.     L. 

immersa,  v.  calcivora,  Scheie^:  Spicil.  p.  158,  pro.  p. ;  Lich. 
Helv.  n.  201. 

Calcareous  rocks,  Moulton,  Alabama,  Peters. Various 

in  the  size,  and  the  generrl  exhibition  of  the  apothecia ;  and 
in  the  dimensions  of  the  sjiores.  Our  plant  is  now  very  like 
B.  Metzleri,  Koerb.  Parerg.  {spedm.  p.  162  orig.)  but  is  this, 
any  more  than  Anz.  Ital.  n.  267  ("X.  immersa,  f.")  really 
to  be  separated  in  species  ? 

t  J  J  }  t  Parasitic  species. 

48.  B.  oxyspora,  (Tul.)  ;  thallus  foreign,  but  deformed  by 
the  parasite  and  thus  passing  into  small  tufts  of  mostly 
cucuUate  lobules ;  apothecia  minute,  immersed  for  the  most 
part  in  the  matrix,  and  flattened,  from  pale  brown  at  length 
blackening,  immarginate,  the  hypothecium  brown.  Spores 
fusiform-ellipsoid  (lanceolate,  T^d.)  simple,  colourless,  16-20 

by  5-8  mic. Lecidea,  Nyl.  Prodr.  p.  145;  Scand.  p.  246. 

AbrothaUus,  Tul.  Mem.  Lich.  p.  146,  t.  16,  f.  27. 

On  the  thallus  of  Parm  lia  Borreri,  Massachusetts,  H. 

Willey.     New  Hampshire,  J.  Blake.     Canada,  Macoun. 

The  reaction  of  the  hymenium  with  iodine  is  blue. 

ft  Biatorina.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  bilocular. 
X  Thallus  glaucescent. 


i  I  a 


80 


BIATORA. 


49.  B.  mixta,  Fr. ;  thallus  cartilagiueous,  thin,  soon 
granulate  and  at  length  rugose-verrucose,  whitish ;  apothecia 
small  to  minute,  adnate,  disk  flat,  pruinose,  from  fleshcoloured 
passing  into  livid,  and  blnekish,  the  obtuse-  at  first  paler 
margin  Anally  exduded,  and  the  fruit  turgi(i,  pale  within. 
Spores  very  various,  from  ellipsoid  soon  fusiform-oblong  not 

seldom  a  little  curved,  9-16  by  3-4  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  268; 

&  Lk'h.  Stiec.  n.  40.  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  61.  B. 
Gn'ffithii,  Koerb.  Syat.  p.  191.  Lecidea  tricolor,  Nyl.  Scand. 
p.  207.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  574. 

On  living  bark,  and  also,  less  commonly,  on  dead  wood, 
New  England,  Tucker  man  I.  c.  1848;  Frost;  Willey.  Cali- 
fornia, Bnlander.     Oregon,   Hall. The  species,  as  here 

taken,  is  even  more  various  than  in  the  old  world.  A  New 
England  lichen  on  dead  wood  scarcel;^  differs  from  the  type, 
but  the  tree-form,  though  otherwise  ill-separable,  has  spores 
scarcely  other  than  simple ;  and  may  be  called  v.  Atlantica. 
And  the  European  !:eheu  is  even  better  represented  generally 
by  the  plant  of  the  west  coast,  which  yet  is  distinguished  by 
a  liraitiug  and  decussating  black  hypothallus — v.  Pacifica. 
The  same  structure  appears,  if  I  mistake  not,  in  a  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  specimen  (  Wright)  referable  here. 

J  J  TJiallua  more  or  less  ashcoloured. 

.50.  B.  atropiirpurea,  (Mass.)  Hepp ;  thallus  effuse,  very 
thin,  membranaceous,  soon  scurfy,  and  granulate,  and  now 
sorediiferous,  ashy-green  and  fuscesceut,  or  obsolete ; 
ai)othecia  small,  at  length  adnate,  disk  flat,  often  papillate, 
and  now  a  little  convex,  and  the  more  or  less  tumid  margin 
excluded,   reddish-brown   becoming    blackish,   pale   w^ithin. 

Spores   ellipsoid,    ll-TJ  by  5-7  mic. Biatorina,  Koerb. 

Parerg.  p.  142.  Catillaria,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  565.  Lecidea 
intermixta,  Nyl.  Add.  Chil.  in  Ann.  4,  3,  p.  160,  fide  auct. 
L.  intermixta,  v.  ligniaria,  Nyl.  Scand.  x>.  194. 

On  bark,  and  also  on  dead  wood.  New  England  (Frost) 
Tuckennan  Gen.  1872;    Willey.     Illinois,  Hall. 

ol.  B.  Lanreri,  (Ilepp)  ;  thallus  thickish,  rimose,  and  ru- 
gose-verruculose,  perhaps  paler  than  in  the  last ;  apothecia  soon 


BIATORA. 


31 


middling-sized,  seesilc,  the  roughieh  disk  convex,  from 
reddisli-black  soon  quite  black  and  lecideoid,  tlie  at  tirt>t  p&le, 
smooth,  deniisB  margin  disappearing,  the  hypothecium 
blackish-brown.      Spores    ellipsoid    and    fusiform-ellipsoid, 

12-28  by  4-8  mic. Catillaria^  Hepp  in  Am.  ex»,  n.  353 

{cit.  Th.  Fr.)  &  liabenh.  exs.  n.  804.  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p. 
582.  Lecidea  intermixta  ohsctirior,  Nyl.  Prodr.  p.  105.  L. 
irUermixta,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  194. 

On  Beech,  New  England  (Frost,  &c.)  common,  Tuckermau 
Gen.  1872.  Canada,  A.  T.  Urumiaond.  New  York,  Peck. 
California,  Bolnnder.     Oregon  and  Alaska,  Hall;  Prinijle, 

&c. Well  distinguished   from   the   last   as   well    by  the 

structure  and  habit  of  the  apotlii  cia  as  by  the  spores.  In 
otherwise  similar  specimens  from  Chili  {Poe2)]ng)  the  spores 
occur  still  larger,  reaching  35  by  14  mic. 

52.  B.  glauco-nigrans,  Tnckerm. ;  thalius  of  small,  separate, 
rounded  granules,  becoming  flattened  and  more  or  less 
coalescent,  and  from  glaucescent  passing  into  ashcoloured ; 
apothecia  small  to  minute,  sessile,  convex  and  immarginate, 
from  livid-pale  blackening,  the  border  early  disappearing, 
the     hypothecium     brownish-black.      Spores    ellipsoid,     & 

oblong-ellipsoid,  6-11  by  2-4  mic. Obs.  Lich.  4,  I.  c.  22, 

p.  179. 

Bark  of  White  Pine,  &  Hemlock,  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
Willey. Comparable  externally  to  the  blackened  condi- 
tions of  the  next. 


53.  B.  cyrtella,  (Ach.,  Nyl.)  ;  thalius  thin,  smooth,  chinky 
becoming  granulate,  pale  to  dark-grcenish-ashcoloured ; 
apothecia  minute,  soon  convex  and  immarginate,  from  pale 
passing  now  into  tawny  and  rufous  and  now  into  livid  and 
blackish,  the  paler  margin  early  excluded,  within  pale. 
Spores  from  ellipsoid  soon  oblong,  simple  or  biloeular,  9-14 

by  2^-3J-  mic. Lecidea,  Ach.  Meth.  p.  07.    Nyl.  Lapp.  Or. 

p.  152.     Lecanora,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  294. 

On  bark,  New  England  {Frost)   Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 

New  York,  Peck. The  type,  with  me,  of  this  species,  is  a 

blackish-fruited  specimen  from  Vermont,  determined  many 


32 


BTATORA. 


years  since  by  Dr.  Nylander,  which  accords  with  the  cited, 
original  description  of  Acharius,  and  is  more  easily  reckoned 
biatorine  than  lecanorine,  notwithstanding  the  difficulty  in  its 
associableness  with  forms  of  Lecanora  athroocarpa.  A 
closer  limitation  of  the  two  groups,  as  here  exhibited,  must 
be  left  to  the  future. 

53.  (b)  B.  Pranctacana,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  thick, 
tartareous,  rugose-verrucose,  ashcoloured ;  apothecia 
middling-sized  (!"""• — \mm.^  5  ^jde)  sessile,  flat,  with  a 
thick,  uneven  margin  which  is  soon  excluded,  and  the  fruit 
turgid  and  varionsly  tuberculate,  black  with  a  white  bloom, 
pale  within.     Spores  oblong,  13-23  by   3-5  mic. 

Sandstone  rocks,  Oakland  hills,  and  at  the  Cliff-house,  San 
Francisco,  California,  JBo/awde^'.— — The  analogue  here  per- 
haps of  Mass.  Ital.  n.  144  {Biatora proteiformis,  v.  lecideina, 
Mass.)  but  a  coarser  plant,  and  nothing  has  occurred  answer- 
ing to  his  n.  147  (v.  compacta,  Mass.)  throwing  important  light 
on  the  first,  and  serving  to  connect  it  with  the  B.  erysibe,  Fr. 
(Th.  Fr.  Scand,  p.  295.)  Still  the  Californiau  lichen  is  not 
wholly  unlike  our  darkest  B.  cyrtella  on  bark,  except  in 
general  coarseness,  and  larger  spores. 

54.  B.  Heerii,  Hepp ;  thallus  of  minute,  rounded,  heaped 
granules,  greenish-cinerascent ;  apothecia  minute,  sessile,  flat, 
at  first  pale,  but  the  disk  blackening,  and  the  obtuse  margin 
soon  concolorous,  within  pale.  Spores  ovoid,  7-11  by  3-6 
mic. Lecidea,  Nyl.  Lapp.  Or.  p.  152. 

On  the  thallus  of  Peltigeroe,  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey, 
who  has  exhaustively  determined  it  also  in  specimens  from 
Illinois,  Wolf;  but  the  material  is  small.  The  difference  of 
Lecidea  epigena,  Nyl.  I.  c.  p.  149,  also  inhabiting  the  thallus 
of  Peltigerce,  is  scarcely  well  shewn. 

55.  jB.  globulosa,  (Floerk.)  Hepp;  thallus  very  thin, 
whitish,  or  obsolete ;  apothecia  small  to  minute,  at  length 
adnate,  convex  and  immarginate,  within  colourless,  the 
younger  states  now  livid-pallescent,  and  the  youngest  flat  and 

shewing  a  thin  margin.     Spores  oblong,  9-12  by  2-3  mic. 

Lecidea^  Nyl.  Lapp.  Or.  p.  149.     Caiillaria,  Th.  Fr.  Scand, 
p.  575. 


I>i  I 


RIATORA.  as 

On  <left<l  wood  of  Coniforn?.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman 
Gen.  1H72.  KritiHb  Coliinibia,  Maeoun.  This  lant  oflfei-H 
niinnte,  white  granuleH  which  are  entirely  like  the  Hunie 
feature  in  Norrl.  Fenn.  n.  176,  ami  Ilepp  n.  16.  in  the 
White  Mountain  lichen  no  tballuM  uppearu,  aH  it  Ih  detlcient 
also  in  Moug.  &  Nestl.  n.  13.'J(>,  determined  by  Nylander. 
Ill  other  reHpectH  l>oth  plants  nuillciently  a^^ree  with  the 
foreign. 

.')6.  B.  prasina,  Fr. ;  thallus  effuse,  of  very  minute,  noon 
heaped  <;ranuleH,  from  pale  becoming  dark-blaekirth-green  ; 
apothecia  minute,  convex,  H<M>n  globular  and  immarginate, 
whitish  soon  livid,  brownish,  reddish,  and  black,  pale  within. 

Spores  ovoid  and  oblong-ovoid,  7-l.'{  by  2^-.'}  mic. IIppp 

Flecht.  Eur.  n.  17H.      Catillaria,  Th.Fr.  Scand.  p. 
Lecidea  sordideacens,  Nyl.  in  Flora,  1S74,  j).  312. 


Rotten  wood  of  Conifera?.  Massachusetts,  Willey.  Illinois, 
Wolf.     Georgia,  liavenel.     Washington  Territory,  Svksdorf. 

The  B.  denigrata  from  Cambridge,  Mass.,  of  the  author's 

Gen.  p.  161,  was  confidently  so  referred,  in  reliance  on  a 
specimen  (in  which  I  had  not  found  spores)  from  liorrer,  of 
his  Lecidea  synothea  (K.  Hot.  t.  2711)  which  is  cited  as  the 
same  (specimens  being  seen)  not  only  by  Schterer,  Enuvi., 
but  also  by  Mudd,  and  Leighton ;  but  Borrer's  lichen  proves 
uncertain  (the  spores  of  my  specimen  referring  it  in  fact  to 
B.  umbrina)  and  our  Cambridge  plant  is  only  a  very  dark  B. 
prasina. 

57.  B.  micrococca,  Koerb. ;  thallus  scurfy,  and  minutely 
granulose,  pale-green  and  cineraceous ;  apothecia  very 
minute,  adnate,  globular  and  immarginate,  at  length  a  little 
flattened,  often  conglomerate  and  confluent,  from  whitish 
soon  livid-pale,  or  yellowish-pale,  colourless  within.     Spores 

oblong-ovoid   and   ellipsoid,  7-13   by  2^-3^  mic. Koerh. 

Parerg.  j).  155.  Catillaria,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  571. 

Bark  of  Pitch  Pine,  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey.  And, 
scarcely  distinguishable,  but  with  stouter  spores,  10-14  by 
4-6  mic,  on  bark  of  White  Cedar,  Hingham,  Mass.,  liusfell. 


Mi 


III  Thallus  ochroleucous. 


;  'It 


84 


niAroRA. 


•58.  B.Jlavenn,  Willey  ;  thalluH  thin,  riiniilofle,  ochroleucous  ; 
apothccia  very  minute,  adimte,  hood  convex,  wnx-coloured, 
the  thin  margin  disappearing,  pale  witliin.  SiMiveH  from 
ellipHoid  becoming  oblong,  7-12  by  2-.'l  mie. Willey  inlitt. 

(iranite  rocks,  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  rare.  Very  little  is 
yet  known  of  it.     Spores  now  ^i-Iocular. 

1 1 1  Bilimbia .  S]»oren  fnniform,  and  finger- shaped^  4- 
9  locvlar. 

I  ThaUua  mo,e  or  lena  glancescent. 

59.  B.  molybditia,  Tuckorm.  herb. ;  tlmllus  of  minute, 
flattened  granules  coalescent  more  or  less  into  a  thin  chinky 
crust,  pale-leadcoloured ;  apothecia  small  to  minute  (not 
exceeding  ()"""•,  i^  sessile,  pnle-yellowish-fleshcoloured,  the 
stout  margin  equalling  the  disk,  pale  within.  Spores  fusi- 
form, 4-locular,  11-22  by  3-5  mie. ;  the  finally  lax  paraphyses 
capitulate. 

On  bark,  Florida,  J.  Donnell  Smith.  Resembling  Oyalecta 
lutea. 

60.  B.  Ravenelii,  Tuckerm.  in  lilt. ;  thallus  eflfuse,  thin,  of 
minute,  crowded,  greenish-glaurescent  granules ;  apot'aecia 
small  to  minute  (scarcely  exceeding  0""»-,  5)  sessile,  concave 
and  flat,  pale-flesbcoloured,  the  thin  margin  elevated,  within 
colourless.  Spores  long-ellipsoid  and  fusiform,  16-25  by  4-5 
mie. ;  the  slender  paraphyses  at  length  lax. 

On  sand-rock,  Gainesville,  Florida,  H.  W.  Bavenel,  Esq. 

61.  B.  cupreo-roaella,  (Nyl.)  ;  thallus  eflfuse,  granulose  and 
verruculose,  becoming  also  compacted  and  rimulose,  greenish- 
gray,  and  whitish ;  apothecia  small,  at  length  adnate,  soon 
convex  and  immarginate,  and  finally  tuberculate-difform,  pale 
— to  yellowish — and  reddish-fleshcoloured,  the  darker  margin 
disappearing,  colourless  within.  Spores  from  fnsiform- 
ellipsoid  becoming  finger-shaped,  and  at  length  needle-shaped, 

-i-locular,    12-22    by    2-3    mie. Lecidea,   Stizenb.  Lich. 

sal.  p.  9.     Bilimbia  Bacidioides,  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  167. 

On  limestone,  Orange  Co.,  New  York,  Austin.     Known  as 


M 


niA'n)RA. 


35 


Esq. 


yi't  licrc  only  in  tliin  Hpceinicn ;  nnd  thr  cimrnrlcr  will 
probnlily  need  rxtciiMion,  at  Icuttt  in  the  colour  of  the  tballuH, 
tlio  roHy  tint  ho  coniinon  in  tlii>  Kiiro|H'nn  liclirn  not  yet  kimmi 
here.  Connects  tlu>  |ircH«'nt  Hfotion  with  tlu>  ut'xt  folluwing, 
to  which  it  liiiH  »Iho  hccn  referred. 

<>2.  Ji.  Hjihii'rohh'H.  (Dickn.)  ;  tliHlliiH  of  minute,  heu|M>d, 
more  or  Ichh  iit  lenjfth  confluent  frramileH,  ^reeniMh-glauccHcent 
and  cineruHcent :  apothecia  Hnuill,  turbid,  Huh-glolNwe,  at 
leiii^th  cluHten'd  and  contluent,  from  pale-Henhcoloured  he- 
coming  lawny,  nnd  rarely  rnfewcent,  the  thin  marjjin  early 
excluded,  pale  within.    Spor(<4  ellipHoid  pa^rtin^  into  fusiform, 

4-locular,  14-24  by  4-7  mic. rp<»n  turfy  earth,  and  nioHseH 

on  rockn,  in  hi^fli  northern  re^ionw.  ItHlandH  of  ltehrin(;'H 
StraitH,  Wriijht.  HritiHh  Cohnnhia :  near  Lake  Manitoba;  & 
north  Shore  of  J.akc  Superi«»r,  Macouu.  Hocky  M(»nntainH, 
Bnimhijce,  And  even  at  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains, 
Wilb'ii.' 

f53.  B.  hifpnophikt,  ('rurn.)  ;  thalluH  of  minute,  crowded,  at 
length  now  confluent  granules,  from  green  8otm  glaucescent 
passing  into  ashcoloured ;  apothecia  small  to  minute,  now 
flat  and  marginate  but  more  coiinnonly  convex  becoming 
globular  and  immarginate,  livid-pale,  dirty- orownisli,  rust- 
coloured,  sanguineous,  and  black,  the  hypothecium  from 
colourless  passing  finally  into  dark-brown.  Spores  from 
ellipsoid  at  length  fusiform,  4-l)-locular,  14-30  by  4-8  mic. 
Bilimbia  sj^hteroides^  max.  p.,  Koerh.  Syst.  p.  213. 

On  mosses,  stones,  and  on  the  earth,  as  also  on  dead  wood, 
and  living  bark.  Greenland  (f .  obscurata)  ( Vahl)  e  Th. 
Fr.  /.  c.  1861.  Canada,  and  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 
IVIore  southward,  conunon.  New  England,  Tuckerman. 
New  York,  Peek.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Ohio,  Lenquereux. 
Illinois,    and   Kansas,    lldll.      Hocky   Mountains,    Macoun. 

And,  closely  related,  on  living  bark,  Florida,  Austin. It 

is  not  many  years  since  the  rank  of  this,  and  the  species  last 
preceding,  as  here  received,  was  first  conceded  to  them  by 
lichenographers.  But  authors  have  since  gone  far  the  other 
way.  Dr.  Th.  Fries  (Scand.  p.  309)  making  the  eighteen 
species  of  his  Bilimbia  proper  equivalent  to  one  (the  Lecidea 


Ufi 


BIA1T)RA. 


nphtProidfH,  Scntut.  p.  204)  of  Nylander.  Tlie  f^roiip  in 
piir|MW(>ly  k«>pt  a  lariiv  oiu>  here,  for  further  Htiidy.  Some  of 
the  re(H>iit  (letenninntifMiH  of  iiiemU'rH  of  the  ^roup,  Hnhited 
now  HM  H|M'eicK,  will  wareely  In-ar  a  ehiMe  Hcnitiiiy.  I^en'dfa 
nuttpiHvvla^  Nyl.  (Ij.  mibuletorma,  f.  venmitu,  Stizeiili. 
liwidin  Hnhfiisculn,  'I'h.  Kr.)  in  one  of  these,  in  <'ite<l  fnun 
(ireenhuid  (Th.  Kries)  an<l  may  |M)HHil)ly  he  n-prewented  by  a 
Hpeeimen  f rom  the  nortliern  shore  of  Lake  Hn|M'rior  {Afarofin) 
hut  tlie  pu))liHhed  character  appears  inHutlieient  to  diHtin^uish 
it.     Perhaps  tlie  next  folh)win^  may  l>e  of  more  aeeoiint. 

<»4.  U.  Xaeyelii,  llepp;  thalhis  of  flattened  ^raindes, 
ruiniin^  t<»p>ther  into  a  ehinky  enist,  ashy-greenish  or 
whitish  ;  a|M)theeia  small,  adnate,  nuieh  crowded  together  nn<l 
clustered,  convex  and  immarginate,  from  tleshcolonred  be- 
coming reddish-brown,  and  blackening,  the  pnler  margin  soon 
excluded,  the  hypothecium  pale.  Spores  fusiform-ellipsoid, 
scarcely  more  than  4-locular,  l<!-2.'{  by  ■i-V\  mic.  Leridea^ 
JSfizeiib.  Lich.  sab.  ]>.  Iff.  liilimbia,  Th.  Fr.  Srand.  p.  378. 
B.  faifinea,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  212. 

On  dead  wood  (at  least  not  differing  except  in  (he  substrate 
from  Anz.  Venei.  n.  .58)  and  also,  according  to  the  discoverer, 
on  living  bark.  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  WiUey. 

fi.'i.  B.  trachona,  Flot. ;  thallus  scurfy,  now  passing  into 
granulose,  and  now  becoming  contiguous  and  clunky,  pale  to 
dark-greenish-ashcoloured ;  apothecia  small  to  minute, 
adnate,  now  flat  and  blnvkish-brown  with  a  paler  nuugin,  or 
black  with  a  concolorous  one,  or  at  length  cephaloid  and 
imniargimite,  the  hypothecium  blackish-brown.  Sjwres  fusi- 
form-ellipsoid,  and    finger-shaped,  4-locular,   12-20  by  ii-6 

mic. Lecidea,  ISthenb.  Lich.  nab.  p.  58.     Biatora,  Koerb. 

Syst.  p.  197,  &  Bilimbia  coprodes,  Parerg.  p.  166. 

On  shaded  rocks.  Massachusetts,  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872; 
Willey.  New  York,  W.  R.  Gerard.  Also  on  dead  wood, 
New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey. 

(56.  B.  verecnnduloy  (Th.  Fr.)  ;  "thallus  very  thin, 
whitish,  or  almost  obsolete ;  apothecia  exceedingly  minute, 
sessile,  flat,  black,  naked,  with  a  thin  margin,  the  hypo- 


BIATORA. 


87 


thorium  rolniirloHH.  S|N)n'ii  linonr-oliloii);,  ohtiiHO  nt  lN>th 
•mmIh,  4-h>ciilAr,  li-Ifi  hy  '^^A  mir..  th«'  h«h»ii  trvv  pttrnphywH 

<*oiiH|ii('ii<>iiHly  l»n>wii-<'npitiilnt«'." 77i.  Fr.  inJoum.  Linn. 

Sw.  Loud.  1 7,  p.  .'iHii ;  Snntd.  p.  .'iST. 

r|K>i)  iiKWNVH,  (ii'iniH'll   Lniid,  Arctic  Atncricn,  Th.  Frim, 

I.  r.   IM7!». Tlic  ori^innl  lichen  of  Kiiiiiiark  o<'ctirriMl  on 

Poplar. The  upccicH  next  followiiifj  aj^rccn  and  diffcrH  in 

Hcvcral  roHpcctH. 

67.  li.  derliniit,  Tnckcrni.  ;  tImlUiH  thin,  scurfy,  urccninh- 
fuHccHi'cnt  ;  a|H)thccia  minute  (wan-ely  excee<linjr  {)n\m.  .j-.'j 
niic.  in  width)  apprcHsed,  tiat,  originally  hrowuiHh  hut  himmi 
hlacketiing  an<l  excluding  finally  the  thin  margin,  the  hy|)o- 
thecium  pale  fuHccHcent,  the  at  length  distinct  puraphysoH 
re(hliHh-l)rown-capitulate.     SporcM    from   ellipsoid    hecoming 

finger-Hhaped,    2-4-locular,   .')-'.>   by  '2J-.'JJ^    mic. Lecidea, 

Turkerm.  Gen.  p.  1S2. 

On  various  barks,  Weynn)uth,  and  New  Bedford,  MaHH., 
Willetf.  Sent  to  me  as  a  variety  of  Lecidea  nrdinin,  Klot. ; 
but  fuller  material  removes  it  from  near  relation  to  that  lichen. 
It  is  comparable  rather  with  the  two  last  preceding  species. 

68.  B.  artyta,  (Ach.) ;  thallus  of  thiekish,  cartilagineous, 
flattened,  separate  gramdes  which  are  soon  dilated,  scpiama- 
ceous,  and  sub-lobulate,  and  run  together  into  an  uneven, 
glaucescent,  or  cinerascent  crust ;  apothecia  snmll  (()"""■,  .'1-7 
wide)  sessile,  soon  convex,  hemispherical,  and  immarginate, 
often  clustered,  from  pale-livid  j)as8ing  into  blackish-brown, 
and  black,  opake,  the  hypothecium  brown.     Spores  tinger- 

shaped,  4-locular,  14-24  by  4-6  mic. Turkerm.  Oen.  p. 

162.  Lecidea.,  Ach.  Jj.  U.p.  170;  Syn.p.  214,ede.scr.  B'limbia 
sabtdosa,  Koerh.  Sy^t.  p.  214;  &  B.  lierfetiana,  Koerb. 
Parery.  p.  168.  Lecidea  .tabidetornm,  v.  nyncomista,  Stizenb. 
Jjich.  sab.,  p.  3S.  Toninia  Hyncomiata,  Th.  Fr.  Scnnd.  p. 
335. 

On  the  earth,  in  high  northern  regions.  Islands  of 
Behring's  Straits  {Wright)  Tuckerman  (ien.  IH72.  Hocky 
Mountains,  Brandegee.-——\\\\i\X  Acharius  described  as  his 
Lecidea  artyta  was  a  Swiss  lichen  from  Schleicher.    This  was 


i''\ 


38 


BIATORA. 


known  to  Scha?rer  {Spidl.  p.  \fi\)  who  referred  it  to  his  L. 
snbnletorum  b  viuacorum  (the  above-cited  f.  st/rn'omista  of 
Stizenberger.)  And  Schierer  also  publislied  this  in  his 
Exsiccati  {Lich.  Helv.  n.  11)4,  p.p.)  and  it  is  the  only  one  of 
the  two  discordant  plants  nnder  this  number  which  really 
accords  with  his  citation  of  Acharius.  It  is  certainly  then 
significant  that  this  same  plant  (the  v.  mnscoiinn  of  the  Swiss 
lichenographer,  which  he  declared  to  be  what  Schleicher  sent 
Acharius,  and  the  latter  called  L.  artyta)  stands  now 
(according  to  Dr.  Th.  Fries  I.  c.  p.  S'.iG,  ohs.)  for  L.  artyta 
in  the  Acharian  herbarium ;  and  that  the  cited  original 
description  in  Ach.  L.  U.<,  suHiciently  exhibits  it.  How 
certain  8i)ecimens  of  Stereocaulon  (Th.  Fr.  I.  c.)  not 
mentioned,  and  far  enough  from  having  been  described  by 
Acharius,    can   yet   be    "  primary "   sources  of  the  species 

before  us,  it  is  difficult  to  see. B.  artyta  belongs  naturally 

with  the  present  section  of  Biatora. 

fil).  B.  milliarm,  (Fr.)  ;  thallus  effuse,  of  separate,  or 
confluent  gramdes  running  together  at  length  into  a  rugose- 
verruculose  crust,  or  scurfy,  or  disappearing,  brownish-ash- 
coloured,  or  whitish ;  apothecia  small  to  minute  (0"""-,  3 — 
0"""*,  7  wide)  sessile  and  inimixt,  globular,  the  originally  flat 
disk  soon  convex  and  excluding  the  demiss  margin,  blackish 
and  black  (or  now  livid-decolorate)  commonly  clustered,  and 
confluent,  the  hypotheciinn  pale.     Spores  finger-shaped  and 

fusiform,  4-8-locular,  20-40  by  6-8  mic. Lecidea,  Fr.  L. 

E.  p.  342,  pj).  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  68.  Th.  Fr. 
Scand.  p.  381.  L.  sahuletorum,  v.  milliaria,  Stizerib.  Lich. 
sab.,  p.  44.  » 

On  rotten  wood,  coast  of  Mass.,  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1848  ; 
as  also  on  dead  mosses,  and  other  vegetable  matter  in  the 
White  Mountains,  N.  11. ,  Same.  Vermont,  Farlotv.  Cali- 
fornia, //.  Mann. 


70.  B.  meUv^va,  (Nyl.)  ;  thallus  effuse,  very  thin,  scurfy, 
or  granulose,  from  grayish-green  at  length  brown,  or  obsolete  ; 
apothecia  minute  (0"""-,  3 — O"""-,  5  wide)  sessile,  sub-globose, 
immarginate,  coal-black,  clustered,  the  hypothecium  dark- 
reddish-brown.     Spores  ellipsoid  becoming  finger-shaped,  4- 


BIATORA. 


39 


locular,  10-16  by  4-6  mic. Lecidea,  Nyl.  Stizenb.  Lick. 

snb.  p.  34.     Th.  Pr.  Scand.  p.  384. 

Rotten  and  charred  wfKxl  in  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H., 
and  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  Tuckerman.  Differing 
from  the  last  in  its  quite  black  fruit,  blackening  hypotheciuni, 
and  small,  constantly'  4-locular  spores.  Both  were  referred 
by  Fries  to  Lecidea;  but,  in  view  of  their  internal  characters, 
find  a  better  place  here. 

71.  B.  tricJioloma,  Mont.  ;  thallus  thin,  scurfy,  light  to 
dark-grayish-green,  and  fusceseent ;  apothecia  minute,  adnate, 
flattish,  but  the  opake  disk  soon  a  little  convex,  and  from 
pale-brown  passing  into  brownish-black,  bordered  by  a  pale, 
hoou  obsolete  margin,  which  is  encircled  with  a  white  (now 
rufous)  filamentous  fringe,  the  hypothecium  brownish-black. 
Spores  fusiform-ellipsoid  an<l  finger-shaped,  4-locuIar,  10-10 

by  3-5  mic. Mont.  Ony.  p.  35.      Tnckerm.  Gen.  p.  162. 

Lecidea  leucoblejihara,  Nyl.  in  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  54,  not. ; 
&  Lick.  Husnot,  p.  45. 

Bark  of  Berchemia,  &c.,  in  the  low  country  of  South 
Carolina  (Ravenel)  Tuckerman,  /.  c.  1872.     Florida,  Attstin. 

It  seems  scarcely  doubtful  that  the  lichen  described  by 

Nylander  is  the  same  with  Montagne's.  The  plant  of  the 
latter  author  was  epiphylline,  as  Mr.  Vr tight  got  it  (though 
also  on  bark)  in  the  island  of  Cuba. 

XXX  Thallus  ochroleucous. 

72.  B.  Floridana,  Tuckerm.  herb.  ;  thallus  of  very  minute, 
soon  confluent,  sub-squamaceous  and  sub-imbricate  granules, 
pale-yellowish-green ;  apothecia  n»inute  (O"'™-  1 — 0">™-  4 
vide)  appressed,  disk  flat,  often  papillate,  reddish-flesh- 
coloured,  with  a  thin,  paler  margin,  at  length  convex  and 
proliferous-irregular,  pale  within.  Spores  finger-shaped,  4- 
locular,  y-lu  by  2^-4  mic. 

Trunks,  Caloosa  river,  Florida,  Auatin;  Curtiss. 

1 1 1 1  -Bacuh'a.  Spores  needle-shaped,  4-plurilocular. 
The  section  is,  like  the  others  determined  only  by  the  spores, 
au  artificial  one ;  but  the  group  is  natural,  and  constitutes 


40 


BIATORA. 


the  (subordinate)  stock  of  B.  rubeUa,  to  which  species  a 
considerable  part  of  the  named  lichens  of  the  group  are  most 
intimately  related.  As  respects  the  colour  of  the  thallus, 
they  all  belong,  with  exceptions  which  more  knowledge  may 
explain,  to  the  fuscescent  series. 

73.  B.  micropfiyllina,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  squamulose,  the 
minute  scales  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  crenate-cut  an<l 
laciniate,  ascendant,  from  pale-ashy-greenish  becoming 
brownish ;  apothecia  small  to  almost  middling  (scarcely 
surpassing  !"""•  wide)  flat,  from  yellowish  soon  reddish,  the 
margin  obtuse  and  at  length  tiexuous,  or  now  thinning  and 
disappearing  as  the  disk  becomes  convex,  at  length  proli- 
ferous.    Spores  slender,  pauci-locular,  20-28  by  2-2^  mic. 

Ijecidea,  Tuck.  Obn.  Lu-h.  3,  I.  c.  f),  p.  278,  a,  &  b;  & 

in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  211,  212.  L.  microphyllina,  A  L. 
trtfptophyUina,  Nyl.  in  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  62,  note. 

Trees  in  the  island  of  Cuba  (  Wright)  Tuckerman,  /.  >',. 
1864.  Related  so  intimately  to  the  five  I'-^hens  next  follow- 
ing, that  the  whole  are  seen  to  constitute  but  a  single 
(subordinate)  stock,  of  which  the  forms  tlescribed  are  doubt- 
less only  partial  representatives.  In  B.  microphyllina,  b,  the 
spores  were  noted  by  me  as  shorter  than  in  a,  and  the  same 
view  of  them  is  taken  by  Ny lander,  I.  c,  who  h^s  elevated 
this  form  to  the  rank  of  species ;  but  a  fuller  examination 
shews  no  real  difference  in  this  respect,  and  b,  in  fact,  now 
offers  the  longest  spores — sometimes  almost  twice  exceeding 
the  length  given  above. 

73 .  (b)  B.  leucophyllina ,  ( Nyl . ) ;  thallus  as  in  a,  but  reduced , 
and  soon  white,  and  becoming  deliquescent  and  sorediiferous  ; 
apothecia  minute  (scarcely  exceeding  O"""-,  5,  in  width)  pale. 
Spores  reduced,  15-20  by  1-1^  mic. Nyl.  I.  c.  L.  micro- 
phyllina, c.  Tuck.  I.  c,  &  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  213- 

Trees  in  the  island  of  Cuba  {Wright)  Tuckerman,  /.  c, 

1864. However  marked,  this  is  quite  inseparable  from 

conditions  of  a,  except  by  the  characters  of  reduction ; 
scarcely  sufficient  in  this  tropical  group. 

73.  (c)  B.  subgranulosa,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  reduced  to 


mic. 


HIATORA. 


41 


L. 


cai'tila^ine(>i]8  grnnuloH,  tlimlly  confluent  int'Onn  uiieviMi  crust, 
with  the  varyinji  coloration  of  a  ;  apotliocia  larger,  becoininf^ 
ample  (1™""-,  A  to  ;}">">•  wide)  and  aluo  darker,  and  even 
black,  the  hyiK>tlieciuni  exhibiting  a  similar  variation.    Spores 

24-34  by  1^-2  mic. Lecidea  mirroj^htfUiua,  h,  Turk.  I.  <■., 

&  in  Wrifjht  Lkh.  Cub.  n.  214,  21.',  210,  217,  21f^.  L. 
cognata,  &  L.  pertexta,  Nyl.  I.  c;  &  L.  vestita,  Nyl.  in  herb. 

Trees  in  Cuba  (Wright)  Tuckerman  c  c.  1864.  And  the 
same,  but  with   longer,  and   phn-ilocular  8|)ores   (30-46  by 

2-'2}  mic.)  at  Darien,  (leorgia,  Ravenel. The  variations  in 

colour  of  the  hypotlieci''ih  resemble  those  of  the  stock  of  L. 
rubella  i)roper,  noticed  by  me  elsewhere  {Gen.  y>.  165)  nor 
does  it  seem  possible  at  present  to  take  much  systcnmtic 
account  of  these  differences  any  more  than  in  B.  hi/pnophila, 
as  here  taken.  The  hypothallus  is  noted  by  Nylander,  I.  c, 
as  blackening,  in  one  of  the  published  Cuba  lichens  ;  but  my 
material  does  not  enable  me  to  turn  this  to  account.  B. 
vestita,  Mont.  Cuba,  p.  IDa,  described  as  possessing  ovoid 
spores  comparable  with  those  of  B.  mutabilis,  is  wholly 
uncertain,  but  what  he  gave  me  for  it  is  very  close  to  Lecidea 
spadicea,  Ach.,  as  Nylander  also  reckons  Montague's  lichen 

nearest  to  L.  cognata,  Nyl. As  to  the  dimensions  of  the 

spores,  the  Georgia  lichen  varies  from  that  of  Cuba  only  as 
B.  microphyllina,  a,  is  above  noted  as  varying. 

73  (d)  B.  CaloosetiF^'s,  Tuckerm.  herb.;  thallus  of  minute, 
cartilagineous  granules  becoming  confluent  and  sub-squama- 
ceous,  but  passing  finally  into  a  granulate  crust,  from  pale- 
green  at  length  cinerascent ;  apothecia  minute  (scarcely 
surpassing  0"""-,  5  in  width)  pale-yellowish  and  reddish,  the 
hypothecium  pale.  Spores  oblong-ellipsoid,  and  finger- 
shaped,  passing  into  fusiform,  and  staflf-shaped,  10-24  by  2-4 
mic. 

Upon  bark  on  the  Caloosa  river,  Florida,  Austin. The 

spores  appearing  now  to  refer  the  lichen  to  the  last  section  ; 
but  finally — the  whole  habit  of  the  plant  being  taken  also  into 
consideration — indicating  it  as  a  member  of  this. 

73.  (e)  B.  pr adnata,  Tuckenn.  herb.;  thallus  of  minute, 
crowded    and    heaped,  granules,  pale-green ;   apothecia    at 


42 


BIATORA. 


l<Migth  middling-sized  (0"""-  7 — !»»>"»•,  5  wide)  from  yellowish 
becoming  reddish,  the  hypothecium   pale.     Spores  filiform, 

flcxuoiis,   commonly   4-locular,    60-88   by    1^-2  mic. B. 

prasina,  Mont.  &  Tuck,  in  Ann.  4,  .9,  p.  290,  not  of  Fi'ie.<<. 

Upon  bark,  Venezuela,  Fendler. Only  another  evidence 

of  that  tropical  luxuriance  which  must  qualify  systematic 
judgments : — the  lichen  being  distinguished  only  by  the 
greater  length  of  the  spores ;  as  B.  CaloonensiH  by  their 
recedcnce  from  the  type  of  the  section,  and  shortness. 

t 

74.  B.  Augustini,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  squamulose,  the 
minute  scales  crenate-lobulate,  expanded  and  stellate  or 
crowded  and  imbricate,  livid-asheoloured  and  brownish,  upon 
a  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  small  (0'»'"',  7 — I'"'"- wide) 
the  disk  flat  and  livid-pale  becoming  fulvous-reddish,  bordered 
by  an  uneven,  soon  demiss,  and  ditsappearing  black  margin, 
the  hypothecium  pale.  Spores  slender,  from  simple  commonly 
becoming  4-locular,  30-40  by  1^-2  mic. 

On  bark,  with  B.  Calooaensis,  Florida,  Austin.  Not  a  little 
resembling  a  Pannaria  akin  to  P.  microphylla,  &  P.  trypto- 
phyUa.  It  is  dedicated,  as  our  finest  known  North  American 
species  of  the  present  section,  to  its  prematurely-lost  dis- 
coverer, the  keen-eyed  Coe  F.  Austin. 

75.  B.  rubella,  (Ehrh.)  Rabenh. ;  thallus  of  scattered,  or 
at  length  crowded,  and  finally  more  or  less  confluent  granules, 
from  pale-yellowish  becoming  greenish-ashcoloured  :  apothecia 
middling-sized,  sessile,  disk  yellowish-reddish  becoming  dark- 
brownish-red,  soon  tumid,  and  excluding  the  obtuse, 
irregular  margin,  which  is  now  suffused  with  white  (f. 
porriginosa,  Ach.)  tb.e  hypothecium  from  pale  passing  into 

yellowish-brown.    Spores  plurilocular,  46-56  by  3-4  mic. 

Lecidea,  Schmr.  Spidl.  p.  168.  SecoUga,  Stizenb.  Krit. 
Bemerk.  p.  47.     Bucidia,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  344. 

Upon  bark,  North  America,  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818. 
Arctic  America,  Richardson.  New  England,  Tuekennan ; 
Russell;  Willey.  Illinois,  Hall.  IVIy  specimens  are  not 
numerous,  but  the  lichen  can  hardly  be  unconnnon.  Spores 
at  length  longer  in  the  European  lichen ;  and  probably  also 
in  ours. 


BIATORA. 


48 


75.  (b)  ^. /MAco-ni6e/{a,  (Hoflfm.)  ;  thalluB  cartilapnoouR, 
gramiliito,  l)ecoining  rugose  and  chinky,  grecnish-ashcoloured, 
the  hy|K)thallu8  finally  blackening;  apothecia  small  to 
mi(l(11in<;-8ized  (O"*"'-,  7 — 1  •»««•,  5  wide)  sessile,  from  flat 
when  tlio  margin  is  more  or  less  transversely  striate,  and  at 
length  often  suffused  urith  white  and  Anally  blackening  also, 
and  the  disk  often  papillate,  becoming  at  length  turgid,  from 
pale  to  dark-brownish-ehestnut  at  length  livid,  rust-coloured, 
and    black,   the   hypothecium   finally   dark-yellowish-brown. 

Spores  nmch  as  in  a,  40-70  by  3-4  mic. Bacidia,  Th.  Fr. 

Scand.  p.  34i,  Secoliga,  Stizenb.  I.  c.  p.  53  {excl.  I>.) 
Lecidea  spadicea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  34.  Tuckerm.  Syn.  N.  E. 
p.  60. 

Trees,  North  America,  Achorius  I.  c.  1814.  Throughout 
the  United  States  and  Canada.  Northern  and  middle  States, 
Muhlenberg.  Ohio,  Z,ea.  Illinois,  ^a//.  Carolinas,  Cm/'/jV*; 
Ravenel.  Florida,  Sprague.  California,  Bolander.  And 
extending  to  tropical  America,  Wright,  &c. 

75.  (c)  B.  suffu.Ha,  Fr. ;  thallus  and  hypothallus  as  in  B. 
fusco-rubella  ;  aix)thecia  middling-sized  to  ample  ( l"™- — 2"""-, 
5  wide)  flattish,  the  stout,  striate  margin  finally  now  excluded 
by  the  turgescent  disk,  reddish-brown,  and  blackening, 
suffused  entirely,  or  the  margin  at  least,  with  white,  within 
pale,  but  the  hypothecium  finally  fuscescent.  Spores  quite 
as  in  the  last,  unless  often  slenderer,  40-70  by  2^-3^  uiic. 

Fr.  S.  0.   V.  p.  285.     Tuck.  Lich.  exs.  n.  135.     B. 

rubella,  v.  suffusa,,  Tuck.  Oen.  p.  166. 

Trees,  Noi'th  America,  Fries  I.  c.  1825.  With  probably 
the  same  range  as  the  last,  but  not  yet  seen  from  the  Pacific 
coast.  Canada,  A.  T.  Drummond.  New  England,  Tucker- 
man.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Pennsylvania,  Michener.  Ohio, 
Lea.  Illinois,  Hall.  Texas,  Hall.  And  also  on  lime-rocks, 
Vermont,  Frost;  New  York,  W.  R.  Gerard.  The  size,  and 
darker  colour,  and  especiai'y  the  marked  suffusion  of  the 
fruit  distinguish  this,  which  agrees  however  in  the  frequently 
papillate  apothecia  with  the  last,  as,  in  some  degree  of 
suffusion,  with  both  the  last  preceding. 

75.   (d)  B.  Schweinitzii,  Fr. ;  thallus  of  rounded,  soon 


44 


BIATORA. 


crowded  and  heaped  granules,  which  are  also  now  early 
compacted  into  a  rimose-verruoose  crust,  from  bright 
becoming  dark  and  olivaceous-greenish,  and  lAshcoloured,  the 
hypothalluH  as  in  the  two  next  preceding ;  apothecia  small  to 
middling-sized,  ard  ample  (()'""'•,  7 — in""-,  a  wide)  sessile, 
Hat  800U  a  little  convex,  ♦ho  thick,  furrowed,  paler  margin 
becoming  smooth,  and  concolorous  with  the  (originally  wax- 
coloured,  and  reddish,  but  soon  and  commonly)  dark-livid- 
brown,  and  pitch-black,  opake  disk,  at  length  flexuous-lobate, 
the  hypothecium  in  like  manuer  varying  from  i)ale-yellowi8h 
to  reddish  and  blackish-brown.     Spores  similar  generally  to 

those  of  the  last,  42-GO  by  2-3  mic. Fr.  herb.  Tuckerin. 

in  Darlingt.  Fl.  Cestr.,  edit.  .?,  ]}■  447^  &  in  Lich.  exs.  n. 
136.  B.  rtibella,  v.  Schweinitzii,  Tuck.  Oen.  p.  166. 
Pittellaria  granulosa,  MieJix.  Fl.  Amer.  2,  p.  320,  fide  Miill. 
jJch.  Beitr.  in  Flora,  1S78,  n.  31.     lihaphiosijora,  Miill.  I.  c. 

Trees,  North  Carolina,  Michaux,  I.  c.  1803.  South  Caro- 
lina, Kavenel.  Alabama,  Beaumont.  Arkansas,  Peters. 
Texas,  Hall.  But  attaining,  apparently  to  its  finest  condi- 
tions northward.     Ohio,  Lea.     Virginia  to   New   England, 

Tuckermnn.     Canada,    A.    T.   Drummond. It    appears 

impossible  to  question  the  close  relation  of  this  lichen  to  the 
two  preceding,  and  the  present  stock ;  and  no  startling 
discrepancies  in  structure  in  it  are  therefore  to  bo  expected. 
The  gonimia  observed  by  Miiller  {I.  c.)  in  the  thallus  of  B. 
Schtoeinitzii  can  scarcely  then  be  characteristical.  I  find  true 
gonidia  in  all  the  specimens  which  I  have  examined.  As  in 
other  forms  of  the  present  group  longer  spores  than  those 
above  noted  sometimes  occur. 

75.  (e)  B.  atrogrisea,  (Delis.)  Hepp;  thallus  thin, 
smoothish,  becoming  chinky  and  granulate-rugose,  greenish- 
ashcoloured,  the  hypothallus  as  in  the  last ;  apothecia  small 
to  nnJdling-sized,  sessile,  soon  convex,  the  disk  from  blackish- 
chestnut  soon  black,  and  the  margin  coucolorous,  nearly 
colourless  and  for  the  most  part  continuing  so  within,  but  the 
hypothecium  at  length  pale-yellowish  or  reddish.  Spores 
plurilocular,  30-50  by  2^-4  mic.  ;  the  paraphyses,  as  in  the 

other  lichens  nearest  to  B.  rubella,  at  length  rather  lax. 

Secoliga,  Stizenb.  I.  c,  p.  62.  Bacidia  endoleuca,  Th.  Fr. 
Scand.  p.  347. 


BIATORA. 


45 


Ou  bark,  southern  and  Pacific  States,  Tuckermnn  Gen. 
1872.  (Jeorfjia,  Rave.nel.  Ahibnnia,  Peters.  Florida,  Austin. 
Louisiana,  Ihile.  Mexico,  Xi/lander.  C'.tliforiiia,  liolander. 
Tlie  spores  best  ajjree  in  dimensions  witii  those  of  Nylander's 
ori<;in:il  Chilian  lichen ;  as  with  others  of  specimens  before 

lue  from  the  same  coast  (Ilassler  Kxp.) The  KuroiK'an 

plant  offers  lonj^er  ones. 

7/).  (f)  B.  innndatn,  Fr.  ;  thallus  effuse,  scurfy,  at  length 
compacted  and  rimose-subareolate,  jfreenish  soon  pallescent ; 
apothecia  minute  (()"'"'•,  .'I — ()"••"•,  5  wide)  sessile  or  a<lmite 
and  now  innate,  disk  from  flat  soon  convex,  livid-])ale, 
yellowiwli  to  reddish-Heshcoloured,  livid-brownish,  an<l  black, 
excluding  at  last  the  paler  but  finally  concolorous  margin, 
the  hyi»othecium  from  pale  soon  yelhnvish-brown.  Spores 
very  slender,  20-;l(;  by  \i-'2}  mic.  ;  the  paraphyses  in  this,  and 
the  following  mend)ers  of  the  group  scarcely  becoming  lax. 

iSecoliffa,   Stizeuh.   I.    c.  p.   3ii.     Bacidia  Arrioldiana, 

Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  184. 

On  various  rocks,  especially  such  as  contain  lime  :  as  also 
on  brick ;  and  dead  wood  exposed  to  iinnulation.  New 
England  (Frost)  Tuckerman  Gen.  1H72;  Willey.  New  York, 
WiUey.  New  Jersey,  Austin,  l^ennsylvania,  Michener. 
Ohio,  Miss  Biddleeome.  Illinois,  Hall.  South  Carolina, 
Ravenel.  On  soggy  wood  in  the  mountains  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, Tuckerman;  Willey. 

75  (g)  B.  effusa,  (Sm.)  Ilepp ;  thallus  thin,  scurfy,  at 
length  compacted  and  chinky,  whitish  or  greenish-ashcoloure<l ; 
apothecia  small  to  minute,  adnate,  soon  convex  and  p.roli- 
ferous-tuberculate,  from  waxy-brown  becoming  pale-tiesh- 
coloured,  the  concolorous  margin  soon  disappearing,  the 
hypothecium  pale-yellowish.     Spores  very  slender,  obsoletely 

plurilocular,  about  20-40  by  H-2  mic. Lichen  effnsns,  Sm. 

E.  Bot.l86,'i,  pper  fiij..^Jide  Borr!  in  herb.  Taylor.  Bacidia 
2>hacodes,  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  180.  Secoliga  arceutina 
b,  albescens,  Stizenb.  I.  c.  p.  43.  Bacidia  albescens,  Th.  Fr. 
Scand.  p.  848. 

b.  arceutina,  Ach.  ;  apothecia  small  to  minute  (at  length 
nearly  reaching  1'"™-  wide)  sessile,  from  pale  becoming  dark- 


m 


46 


IJIATORA. 


livid-brown,  the  demiHH,   dnrkor  mari^n   (lisapjienrinj?,  the 
hyiK>th('cium  aH  in  a.    SjKjroH  v«ry  Hlemlt* r,  flexuous,  obsoletely 

))luril4)cular,    34-r»4    by    lj-2    iiiic- Lecidea    luteola,   v. 

arceutina,  Ach.  Meih.  p.  fil^Jide  Th.  Fr.  Secoluja  arceutiua, 
a,  Stizenb.  I.  c.  Baeklia.  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  352. 

On  various  barlcs,  New  liodfonl,  Mass.,  Wilhy.  Cali- 
fornia, Farlov,  the  firnt  tlett'rniined  bore  of  these  two  lichens  ; 
a  occurring  as  yet  only  on  hemlock,  but  b  more  commonly. 
With  obvious  tliflferences  in  colour,  both  agree  in  the  ultimate 
condition  of  the  fruit,  which  is  tuberculate,  in  consequence 
apparently  of  proliferous  luxuriance.  The  English  lichen  is 
quite  clear,  but  is  readily  associable  with  b,  to  which  alone, 
it  is  evident,  the  description  of  Acharius  is  applicable. 
Bacidia  phacoden  of  Anzi  Lich.  Etnir.  n.  25,  illustrates  the 
relation  of  the  two ;  one  of  the  specimens  belonging  to  our  a, 
under  which  the  whole  is  cited  by  Stizenberger,  but  the  other, 
(in  my  copy)  shewing  no  difference  from  Hepp,  n.  24,  which 
is  our  b,  and  as  such  recognized  by  Stizenberger.  ; 

75.  (h)  B.  stigmatelluy  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  effuse,  mealy- 
granulose,  from  pale-greenish  at  length  ashcoloured  ;  apothecia 
minute  (0"""-,  2 — 0*"™-  4  wide)  sessile  becoming  adnate,  flat, 
but  also  convex  and  the  margin  fmally  excluded,  from  fulvous 
and  dark-reddish  soon  livid-brown,  and  black,  the  hypothecium 

pale-yellowish.     Spores   slender,  22-32   by  1^-2^   mic. 

Gen.  p.  167^  note. 

On  bark,  Louisiana  {Hale)  Tuckerman,  I.  c,  1872.  Not 
well  referable  to  the  last.  1  associate  with  it  lichens  from 
Texas,  Wright;  Florida,  J.  Donnell  Smith;  and  Illinois, 
Hall;  all  agreeing  in  the  mealy  thallus,  and  minute,  flattish 
apothecia,  but  these,  in  the  Texan  plant  reaching  O"""-,  5  in 
width,  and  the  spores  36-46  by  2-2^  mic. 

75.  (i)  B.  Beckhansii,  (Koerb.)  ;  thallus  much  as  in  B. 
effusa  b,  arce^itina;  apothecia,  as  seen,  very  minute  (O™™*,  2 
— O™'"-,  3  wide)  soon  convex  and  immarginate,  from  pale- 
brownish,  and  pale-livid,  blackening,  with  a  thin,  white 
bloom,  the  hypothecium  colourless.      Spores  very  slender, 

pauci-locular,  20-30  by  1^-2  mic. Bacidia,  Koerb.  Parerg. 

p.  134.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  359.     Biatora  stenoapora,  Hepp 


BIATORA. 


47 


Flecht.  Enr.  n.  /iW.  Seroliijn  lifv.khnuaii,  Stizenh.  I,  c.  p. 
21.  Lcridea  nmhrina,  v.  jHtlitfna,  Xifl.  Saind.  p.  210^  fide 
Til.  Fr. 

Tpon    Ik'ccb,    MnHHjK'huM'tts,    WiJlc;i. IiihitU'iI    only 

provisionally  to  lu'lp  further  study  of  tin-  |iroup.  'V\w  at  U-awt 
pale  hy|Kjtheeiinn,  ami  the  sinaUer  spores  (so  far  as  seen) 
are  not  stronj;  characters  to  separate  it  from  li.  pffuna,  /*, 
and  tlie  main  ditTerencc  is  the  l)h>oin.  Our  phmt  is  not  well 
comparable  with  Nyl.  Pnrix.,  n.  l.'?(»,  which  is  referred  here, 
on  the  author's  authority,  by  Sti/.enberj;er,  /.  r.;  btit  scarcely 
differs  at  all  from  the  ci'k!?d  and  untiuestioned  lichen  of  Ilepp. 

V5.  (k)  Ji.  incompta,  (Borr.)  Hepp ;  thallus  efTuse, 
coarsely  mealy,  but  in  the  specimens  mostly  thin,  or 
evascescent,  whitish,  or  now  greenish  ;  apothecla,  as  seen, 
minute  (scarcely  exceeding  0"'"'-,  5  wide)  adnate.  Hat,  with  a 
thin,  flexuous  margin  (characteristical  in  li.  inannpta)  but 
finally  convex,  black,  the  hypothecium  reddish-brown.    Spores 

shortish,    pauci-locular,    16-30    by    1^-3    mic. SecoUrja 

atrosangtdnea,  Stizenb.  I.  c.  p.  16. 

Bark,  New  England,  Willey.  New  York,  W.  li.  Gerard. 
Illinois,  Hall.     I  follow  Stizenberger's  >iew  of  this  lichen  ; 

only  preferring  the  oldest,  and  well-known  nanie. With 

more  knowledge  we  may  have  to  give  some  d'atinction  to  a 
var.  atrosanguinea  (Bacidia  cUrosanguinea,  a,  Th.  Fr.  Scand. 

p.  354.) The  reddish-brown  hypothecium  is  represented 

sometimes,   in   our   plants,  by   a  paler  one,   as   in   the  v. 

Ilegetschweileri,  Stizenb. Biatora  leucampyx,  Mild  in  litt., 

from  Beech,  in  Western  Massachusetts,  is  a  much  coarser 
lichen,  with  thickish,  pale-ashy-greenish  thallus,  sessile, 
black  apothecia  (O'"™-,  5 — O"""-,  8  wide)  with  a  stout,  uneven 
margin  which  is  suffused  vith  white,  a  dark-reddish-brown 
hypothecium,  and  larger  spores,  24-44  by  2-3^  mic. ;  I  have 
seen  but  little  of  it. 

75.  (1)  B.  akomp.m,  Tuckerm.  herb.;  thallus  effuse,  from 
scurfy  at  length  compacted  and  rimoso,  smoothish  or  rugose- 
verruculose,  pale-ashcoloured ;  apothecia  uiinute  (rarely 
exceeding  0"""-,  5  in  width)  sessile,  from  flat  with  an  uneven, 
thin  margin,  soon  convex  and  cephaloid,  black,  the  disk 


4H 


BIATORA. 


HCfthronH,  tho  hypotlieciuin  pale.  S|)orL'H  Hhort,  pauci-luciilar, 
18-iM  by  \y2^  inie. 

On  I'iniis  jMsZ/nw,  coast  of  Caiiforiiia,  liolatnler.  A 
frafjiiH'iit  of  what  appi>ai'H  tin*  Hanu'  has  Ik'oii  rocfivt'il  hy  nn', 
piirportiiifi  to  be  Lcridcn  J*aMlan'oi(Ien,  Nyl.,  but  cannot  be 
what  Ih  «U'Hcribi'(l  under  that  name  in  Nyl.  Sntnd.  p.  211. 
Tlic  plant  lookH  much  lik<>  the  C'aiifornian  HpeoiincnH  of  It. 
atroyrisea.  It  diflferH  from  B.  incompta  in  the  hypothecium  ; 
but  leetM  hi  the  HporeH. 

75.  (m)  Ji.  Jacohi,  Tuckorni.  in  lift. ;  thalluH  sub-tartareou8, 
rufjose-verrucoHe,  ho  far  as  seen,  white ;  apotheeia  small  to 
miinite  (()"""•,  4 — O'""*-,  7  wide)  appressed,  Hat  or  flattish, 
(juite  black,  a  demiss,  concolorous  margin  scarcely  to  be  made 
out,  the  hypotheciuin  blackish-brown.  Si)ores  plurilocular, 
2()-3()  by  2-3^  mic. 

Trees,  San  Diego,  California,  Dr.  Palmer  in  herb.  Willey. 
Distinct  looking,  but  the  specimen  is  scarcely  sufKcient ;  and 
only  characterized  to  draw  attention  to  it. 

75.  (n)  li.  mt(.scor?<m,  (Sw.)  ;  thallusthin-subcartilagineous, 
rugosc-verruculosc,  grccnish-ashcoloured  and  whitish ;  apo- 
theeia small  to  middling-sized  (()"""•,  5 — i">m.^  3  wide)  sessile 
or  at  length  adnate,  flat  and  thin,  with  a  thin,  now  flexuous 
margin,  but  becoming  convex  and  immarginate,  and  tiually 
conglomerateaud  tuberculate,  reddish-brown  passing  at  once 
into  black,  the  hypothecium  from  yellowish  at  length  reddish 

brown.     Spores    slender,    24-40    by    2-3    mic. Secoliga 

pezizoklea,  Stizenh.  I.  c.  j).  13.  Lecidea  umhrina  *  hcuiilUferti^ 
V.  muscoriim,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  210.  Rhaphiospora  viridescens, 
Koerh.  Parerg.  2>-  239.  Bacidia  atrosanguinea^  v.  muscorum, 
Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  354. 

Upon  the  naked  earth,  and  running  there  over  mosses,  &c. 
New  ICngland,  Tnckerm.  Gen.,  1872.  New  York,  Willey. 
Minnesota,  Lapham.     Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright. 

75.   (o)  B.  %imbHna,  (Ach.)  ;  thalius  effuse,  scurfy,  pass 
ing  into  flattened  granules  which  are  finally  compacted  into  a 
thickish,  uneven,  rimose-areolate  crust,  from  pale-ashy  pass- 


lUATORA. 


49 


in(;  into  hlnokirth-^reon  ;  u|K)tli«'ciu  niitiiitr  (scui'ivly  HiirpiiMNiii}^ 
()"""-,;")  in  wi<ltli)  nioKtly  lulnntc,  or  innat*',  oii^injilly  Hat, 
witii  H  pnlcr  margin,  itnt  hooii  an«l  most  coniiiioniy  convex, 
tu^'xi)!,  nnd  innnarginatc,  from  paic-livitl-ltrowni.Hli  luroniin^ 
rcddiHli-lirown,  and  black,  the  hypotlicciuin  palc-yfllowiHii. 
Sport'H  hnniatc,  and  S-.shapi'd,  panci-locnlar,  |H.*Jt  l»y  '2^-:\  niie. 
iSeroUfHt,  SUzenb.  l.  c.  jt.  20.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  .'ifi/t. 

On  Htoni'H  and  rocks.  New  Knjiland,  common  {Iinsnrll) 
Tnckcrman  Oen.  1H72.  New  .lerHey,  Aui*tin.  Virginia, 
Curti,:.  North  Carolina,  Ravencl.  ('<»nimon  also  on  old 
rails  (v.  compnrta,  Sti/enl».)  on  the  New  Kn<;land  coast, 
Tiirkennav,  «!tc.  And  occurrinfr,  in  the  snnie  rejrion,  on 
living  l)ark,  W'lley,  &e.  Our  common  rock-lichen  agrees 
better  with  the  Kuropenn  v.  tvrrfida,  as  to  the  sjiores,  but 

differs  from  this  in  the  more  conunonly  black  apothecia. 

There  seems  to  be  scarcely  sullicient  reason  for  emphusi/ing 
the  curvature  of  the  spores  {SmlicioHjMjrum,  Mass.)  in  any 
t»ther  member  of  the  r«6e//a-8toek,  than  the  present. 

70.  B.  chlorostida,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  minute,  smooth, 
scattered  granules,  finally  now  flattened,  or  passing  even  more 
or  less  into  a  rugose-granulate  crust,  greenish-glaucescent, 
and  cinerascent ;  apothecia  very  minute  (0"'"'-,  1 — ()"""•,  3 
wide)  elevated-sessile  readily  becoming  short-stipitate, 
convex  from  the  first  and  sub-immarginate,  from  livid-pale 
soon  and  commonly  black,  and  somewhat  imlished,  conunonly 
clustered,  the  hypothecium  finally  blackish-brown.     Spores 

slender,  2-4-locular,  14-30  by  l}-2^  mic. Oct),  p.  107. 

Lecidetty  Lich.  exs.  n.  139 ;  Obs.  Lich.  2,  I.  c.  5, }).  419. 

On  bark  of  White  Cedar,  coast  of  Massachusetts,  2\icker- 
vian,  I.  c.  1855.  On  Pine  and  Bald  Cypress-bark  in  thelow 
country  of  South  Carolina,  Ravenel. 

77.  B.  chlorantha,  Tuckerm.  ;  thallus  of  coarse,  separate 
granules,  finally  flattened,  and  j  assing  then  more  or  less  into 
a  rimose  crust,  bright  green  and  pallescent,  or  now  finally 
fuscescent,  ui)on  a  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  wmall  to 
middling-sized  (O™"'-,  5 — imm.^  5  wide)  sessile,  flattish,  from 
dark-reddish-brown  soon  (piite  black,  with  a  stout,  at  length 
crisped  and  flexuous,  paler  margin,  at   length  proliferous, 


/)0 


HIATORA. 


M 


within  pftle,  the  hypotlu'ciiiin  C(»l()urlcHH.     SjMirrH  pliirilooiilar, 

2:J-.'H  \>y  2-.'l  inic,  niitiH'roim  (SO-ZiO)  in  tlu'  tlirltrH. »\v». 

N.  E.  )>.  00;  den.  p.  KiT. 

On  WliiU-  I'ino,  Fir,  nn«l  Hiroh,  on  tin-  coiiHt  of  MiiHHnrliu- 
McttM,  and  in  tln'  Wliitr  MimntainH,  Tnrkfnnnn,  I.  r.  |m4H; 
UH,  on  otluT  trwH,  and  Hlirul»H,  WiUot/.  New  York,  IWk. 
And  rarely  on  ^ninitie  rockH,  New  Bedford,  MasH.,  Willey. 
('ana<lu,  on  Spruce  bark,  Afacoun. 

•*•  liiutorella.  Sjxjres  minute,  and  very  minute; 
nunieroUM,  and  exceedingly  numerouH,  in  the  thekcH. 

7H.  li.  (jeophana^  Nyl. ;  thaUuH,  in  our  plant,  ho  far, 
obHolete ;  apothecia  minute,  (()"""•,  2 — ()"'"»•,  .'{  wide)  convex 
and  innnarginate,  black,  within  yellowiHh-fuHceHcent.  Si)oreM 
globular,  .'»-7  niic.  in  diameter,  from  12  to  P'  'n  the  ventricoHe- 

clavate  thekes,  the  paraphyHCH  not  distinct. Len'dcd,  Th. 

Fr.  Saind,  p.  441.  L.  yeophana,  Nffl.  Srand.  ]>.  212,  &  L. 
borcclla,  Nyl.  Lajrp.  Or.  p.  157,  fide  Th,  Fr.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  New  Jersey  (AuMin)  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872. 
New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey.  Illinois,  Wolf.  Also  on 
rotten  wood,  Illinois,  Wolf. 

79.  B.  moriformis,  (Ach.)  ;  thallus  thin,  scurfy,  becoming 
compacted  and  chinky,  greenish-gray,  or  whitish,  or  obsolete  ; 
apothecia  minute  (0"""-,  2 — ()"»"•,  4  wide)  adnate,  from  flattish 
soon  and  commonly  depressed-convex,  livid-pale  passing  into 
pale  to  dark-brownish,  and  black,  above,  and  more  or  less 
j)ersistently  black-edged  below,  now  polished  and  now  opalce, 
the  hypothecium  colourless.  Spores  globular,  very  minute 
and  numerous  in  the  ventricose  thekes,  liJ^-3  mic.  in  diameter, 
the  paraphyses  conglutinnte,  brownish-yellow  above,  finally 

distinct. Arthonia,  Ach.,  fide  Th.  Fr.  Strangospora  pini- 

cola,  Koerh.  Par  erg.  p.  172,  fide  Ohlert.  Lecidea  improvisa, 
Nyl.  Scand.  p.  213,  &  in  Norrl.  Lich.  Fenn.  n.  180. 
Biatorella  moriforviis,  &  B.  pinicola,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  401. 
BicUura  Ilicis,  Willey  dim. 

On  bark  of  Holly  and  Elm,  New  Bedford,  Mass.  (  Willey) 
Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.     On  other  bark  at  Lake  Manitoba, 


BIATORA. 


51 


Martiun ;  iiihI  in  WnHliin^on  'IVrritory.    Sukulnrf  in   IutI». 

Sprnjjin'. Dr.    Tli.    Kri»'H'8    cxIiniiHtivc    ciiiiriU'trri/iition, 

cited  iiltovc,  of  tliiH  plnnt,  ennbltMl   Mr.  Willcy  to  (Ictcniiinc 

•mtiMfnctorily  our  own,  lonjf  wiww  «liHoovt'n'«l  by  liini. 'I'iie 

lichen  vnrieH  no  little,  nn<l  IriHli  H|M>einienH  in  herl).  'layhir 
preHent  u  well-developed,  dtirk-^reeniMii  tlinlluH,  imd  larp-r. 
Mack  iipotlieciii.  reminding  uh  of  li.  deniijnUa,  Fr.  ;  nnd,  with 
thcHe,  the  cit<'«l  pliint  of  KfK'rtwr  (Ilfpp  n.  -'»'l)  with  its  w  hite 
cniHt  tind  light-lirown  apothecin  contraMtH  Htrongly.  It  might 
aUo  Heem  that  the  Manitoba  HpeciinenH,  which  ofTer  a  pule, 
only  hiack-edged  disk,  contranted  Himilarly  with  the  wholly 
black-fruited  oncH  from  the  other  Htationn  ;  but  the  latter, 
when   wet,  will   be   found   to  agree,  more  or  Ichh.  with   the 

otherH. The    Mporew    of    our    lichen    scarcely    reach    the 

(limenHionH  of  thoHc  of  the  European,  in  which  all  the  parts 
appear  indeed  to  be  now  larger. 

80.  li.  n/phaku,  Tuckerni.  ;  thalhiH  thin,  granulose,  more  or 
less  at  length  compactid  and  rugose-verruculose,  cinerascent, 
an<l  whitish  ;  apothe( m  small  ((>"""•,  /> — O"""-,  H  wide)  seHsile, 
from  pale  becoming  dark-reddish,  and  rusty-brown,  opake, 
the  obtuse,  at  flrst  paler  margin  disappearing,  the  hypothecium 
yellowish-brownish.  Spores  short-ellipsoid,  3-4  by  2-3  mic, 
very  numerous  in  davate-ventricose  thekes,  the  distinct 
paraphyses  at  length  lax,  colourless  above. Oen.  p.  liiH. 

On  Pllm-bark,  Illinois,  Hall. 

81.  B.  foaaarvm,  (I)«f.)  Mont.;  thallus  thin,  scurfy,  but 
compacted  at  length  into  an  uneven  crust,  dirty-greenish,  and 
cinerascent;  apothecia  small  (O"""-,  7 — !"""•  wide)  seHsile 
and  adnate,  convex  becoming  hemispherical,  immarginate, 
from  pale-yellowish  soon  reddish- brown,  the  hypothecium 
yellowish-brown.  Sj)ore8  oblong,  7-11  by  3  mic,  very 
numerous  in  intestiniform  thekes,  among  capillary,  soon  lax 

paraphyses. Mont.  Syll.  p.  339.     Lecidea,  Nyl.  Prodr. 

p.  116. 

Sterile  clays,  Illinois  (Hall)  Tuckerman  Oen.  1H72.  Moist 
earth,  New  Jersey,  Austin.    Washington  Territory,  Sukadorf, 

82.  B.   campestris,  Fr. ;    thallus   scurfy-granulose,   pale- 


.^2 


BIATORA. 


grcoiiish  ;  apothecia  minute  (0™™-,  2 — 0"""-,  5  wide)  sessile  a 
little  elevated,  commonly  cup-shaped,  but  finally  flat,  from 
pale-amber  at  length  rufous-fleshccloured,  the  disk  a  little 
darker,  slightly  white-pruinose,  the  hypotheeium  pale.  Spores 
froi.:  ellipsoid  becoming  oblong,  6-9  by  2-3  mic,  very 
numerous  in  elongated  thekes,  among  capillary,   soon   lax 

paraphyses. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  2fJ5,  fide  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p. 

3US.  liiatorella,  Th.  Fr.  Sarcosaghm  biatorellum,  Mass. 
Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  438. 

I'pon  the  earth ;  as  also  on  dead  wood.  Illinois  (Hall, 
&c.)  Tuckcrman  Gen.  1872.  New  liedford,  Mass.,  Willey. 
'Sk.V)  ']vrHey,  Austin.   Anticosti,  Macoun.   Maryland,  Leimert. 


HH.  B.  resinm,  (Fi'')  ;  lliallus  represented  by  a  *hin,  at 
length  and  commonly  brown,  and  byssoid,  layer,  or  none ; 
apothecia  from  small  reaching  middling  size  (()"•"'•,  4 — I"""- 
wi<le)  sessile  or  a  little  elevated,  flat,  with  an  obtuse  margin 
which  disappears  as  the  disk  becomes  convex,  from  pale  soon 
yellowish,  becoming  tawny,  and  at  length  black,  the  hypo- 
theeium pale-yellowish.  Spores  globular,  2-3  mic.  in  diameter, 
very  numerous  in  ventricose-clavate  thekes,  among  filiform 

paraijhyses. Lecidea,   Fr.,   olim;    Nyl.  Prodr.  Oall.  p. 

117 ;  Scand.  p.  213.  Minks  Synth.  Lich.  Myc.  p.  73. 
Troviera,  Mass.  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  453. 

On  the  resin  of  White  Pine,  Mass.  ( Willey)  Tuckerman 
Gen.  1872.  On  the  same,  but  also,  and  more  commonly,  on 
Pitch  Pine  resin,  Vermont,  Frost.     On  Spruce-resin,   New 

York,  Peck.     On  that  o'  Larch,  New  Jersey,  Austin. 

Whether  to  be  placed  here,  where  certainly  students  might 
expect  to  find  it,  or  reckoned  a  fungus  (Peziza)  as  Fries  first 
understood  it,  has  always  been  doubtful ;  but  it  looks,  as  he 
says  {Syst.  Myc,  2,  p.  149)  exceedingly  like  a  lichen,  and 
behaves  like  one,  with  iodine.  Koerber  (1.  c.)  indicates  that 
the  blackening  of  the  apothecium  is  due  probably  to  chemical 
change  in  tiie  matrix ;  and  tliis  may  presumably  then  also 
condition  the  development  of  a  thallus  ;  and  turn,  as  Minks 
has  suggested,  (/.  c.  p.  7H)  what  should  have  been  a  hypo- 
phlu'ous,  into  a  similarly  imperfect,  superficial  one. 


HETEROTHECIUM. 


53 


XLIX.  — HETEROTHECIUM,  Flot.,  emend. 
Apotheria  patella'form  ;  variously  coloured  ;  the  niar- 
*(iii,  for  the  most  part,  incrassated  ;  and  now  lecanoroid. 
Spores  ellipsoid;  and  ohhmtr;  either  simple  (§1)  or 
bih)cuhir  (§2)  or  plurilocular  (§3)  or  muriform-multi- 
loeuUir  (  §4)  or  very  minute  und  numerous  in  the  thekes 
(§5)  brown,  or  (mostly)  deeolorate.  Spennatia,  so  far 
as  known,  ellipsoid,  or  ohionjj,  on  sul>-simple  steri^mas. 

Thalluscrustaceous,uniform. Remarknble,<renerally, 

for  the  larji^e  size  of  the  apothecia,  and  of  the  spores. 
Whatever  may  be  said  of  the  difficulties  of  the  jrroup, 
members  of  which  have  been  referred  to  Lecanora,  to 
Biatora,  and  to  Lecidea^  its  naturalness  cannot  well  be 
disputed ;  and  has,  in  one  way  or  other,  found  si^niti- 
cant  recognition  with  lichenologists.  The  genus  "  is 
analogous,  in  Biatorei,  to  Physcia  in  Paiineliei,  to 
Rinodina  in  Lecanorei,  and  to  Buellia  in  Lecideei; 
though  better  comparable  as  a  tropical  gi'oup,  and  tend- 
ing similarly  to  more  varied  moditications,  and  even 
anomalies  of  spore-structure,  to  the  equally  tropicad 
Thelolrema,  and  Graphis."  Gen,^  p.  170,  where  the 
question  is  further  considered. 

*  Me galospora.     Spores  simple. 

1.  n.  sanguinarium,  (L.)  Flot.;  thallus  tartareous,  of 
flattened  ajranules  soon  contluent  into  a  rimose,  vernicose, 
finally  gy rose-rugose,  somewhat  polished  crust,  glaucescont, 
or  cinerasceiit ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  ample  (1 — ,'}»nin. 
wide)  adnate,  very  black  and  more  or  less  shining,  commonly 
convex  and  inimarginate,  but  also  shewing  early  a  demiss, 
pale  to  livid,  now  reddening,  and  now  blackening  exeipular 
margin,  at  length  confluent  into  gibbous  or  flattened,  variously 
diflfonn  masses,  the  hypothecium  pale,  received  in  a  blood-red 
layer,  which  now  extends  beyond  the  fruit,  and  is  now  witii- 
out  colour  (f.  uffine.)  Spores  solitary,  ellipsoid,  broadly 
limbatc,   the  grumous   protoplasm  more  or  less  darkening, 

r)4-y2  by  24-48  mic. Tuckenn.   Gen.  ]>.  171.     Len'den, 

Schvr.  Spu'il.  p.  150.     Fr.  L.  E.  p.  835.     Th.  Fr.  Svand. 
p.  479. 


M 


HETEROTHECIUM. 


On  trunks,  dead  wood,  rocks,  and  mosses.  New  York, 
Halsey,  1823.  New  England,  Ttickerman.  Canada,  A.  T. 
Drummond.     Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright.    Oregon, 

L.  U.  Henderson.    California,  Bolander. Disk  now  almost 

discharged  of  colour  (Anticosti,  Macoun)  when  the  aspect  of 

the  apothecium  may  be  quite  lecanorine. The  lichen  is 

now  bisporous   in   Europe. Its   relation  to  the  present 

genus  is  considered  in  the  author's  Genera,  pp.  172-3. 


«  « 


J-  o. 


othecium.    Spores  bilocular. 


2.  H.  grosstimy  (Pers.)  ;  thallus  thin,  snbcartilagineous, 
rimose-areolate  and  rugose,  glaucescent,  or  cinerascent,  or 
disappearing;  apothecia  of  middling  size  (I"""- — imm.^  3 
wide)  elevated-sessile,  very  black,  disk  at  first  flat  with  a 
thick  now  tlexuous  margin,  but  becoming  tumid  and  excluding 
the  margin,  black-pruinose,  pale  within,   the  hypothecium 

black.     Spores  in  eights,  ellipsoid,  18-28  by  8-1d  mic. 

Lecidea,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  239.     CatUlaria,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p. 
581.  Lecidea  premnea,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  329,  not  ofAch. 

On  Red  Cedar,  island  of  Grand  Manan,  New  Brunswick, 
WiUey.  It  has  since  occurred  only  on  Ash,  Magdalena  Bay, 
Gasp^,  Canada,  and  Anticosti,  Macoun 


3.  H.  versicolor,  (F6e)  Plot. ;  thallus  thickish,  rimose-areo- 
late and  rugose,  or  now  thin  and  scurfy,  or  disappearing ; 
apothecia  from  middling  at  length  large  (1"""-,  5 — 4°"°-  wide) 
sessile,  flat,  the  opake  disk  dark-brown,  and  black,  the  at 
first  pale  margin  soon  livid,  and  coucolorous,  pale  within, 
the  hypothecium  brownish.     SiJores  ellipsoid,  in  twos,  fours, 

sixes,  and  eights,  commonly  curved,  40-70  by  20-30  mic. 

Lecnnora  dein  Lecidea,  F4e  Ess.  p.  115,  t.  28,  f.  4;  & 
Suppl.,p.  104.  Nylauder  in  Prodr.  N.  Gran.,  p.  65,  &  in 
Lindig  Herb.  N.  G.  n.  746,  747,  2625.  L.  vigilans,  Tayl., 
Nyl.  Tuckerm.  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  225. 

Trees,  Mexico,  Miiller,  fide  Willey. Easily  comparable, 

as  are  other  allied  foreign  Bi>ecies,  with  the  last ;  as  compare 
also  and  especially  Nylander's  description  of  his  Lecidea 
melanocarjia  {Lich.  eacot.,  I.  c.,p.  260)  of  the  next  section. 


HETEROTHECIUM. 


55 


4.  H.  endochroma,  (F6e)  Flot. ;  thallus  thickish,  nigose- 
granulate,  glaucescent  or  cinerascent  with  often  a  yellowish 
tinge;  apothecia  middling  to  ample  (1™™-,  5 — 2"""-  wide) 
flat,  with  a  thick,  smooth,  bright-yellow  margin,  becoming 
livid  as  the  black  disk  becomes  turgid,  and  Anally  disappear- 
ing, the  hy|>othecium  fuscescent,  received  in  a  bright-yellow 

layer.     Spores  in  eights,  ellipsoid,   16-20  by  5-6  mic. 

Lecnnora,  Fh  Essai,  p.  114.  t.  29,  f.  1 ;  &  Suppl.  p.  Ill, 
t.  42,  f.  31.  Lecidea,  Nyl.  Tuckerm.  in  WrigfU  Lick.  Cub. 
n.  226. 

Trees.     Mexico,  Nylander,  N.  Gran.,  1864. 


5.  H.  leptocheilum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  of  small 
granules,  passing  into  a  rimose  finally  verrucose  crust,  whitish, 
and  brownish,  bordered  by  the  fibrillose  fringe  of  the  blacken- 
ing hyjK)thallus ;  »pothecia  middling-sized  (l"""- — imm-,  5 
wide)  sessile,  black,  at  first  fiat,  with  a  thin,  shining  margin, 
which  is  soon  excluded  by  the  tumid,  gibbous,  opake  disk, 
the  hypothecium  pale-brownish.     Spores   in   eights,  cymbi- 

form,   and  fabieform,   12-16  by  4-5  mic. Obs.  Lich.,  4, 

I.  c,  6,  p.  280;  &  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  n.  227. 

Trees,  Orizaba,  Mexico,  Nylander,  Enum.  Ilusn.,  1869. 
Mobile,  Ala.,  Mohr  in  herb.  AVilley. 

***  Bombyliospora.     Sporen  plurilocular. 

6.  H.  tuberculosum,  (F^e)  Flot. ;  thallus  sub-tartareous, 
areolate-rimose,  rugose,  and  at  length  coarsely  verrucose,  the 
warts,  from  white,  now  sulphur-coloured  within  (f.  chlontis) 
yellowish,  or  now  brownish,  the  hypothallus  (in  the  tropical 
plant  at  least)  blackening  ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  large 
I"""-,  5 — S*"""-  wide)  closely  sessile,  tumid,  fiat  soon  a  little 
convex,  the  naked  disk  reddish-brown  becoming  dark- 
sanguineous,  and  blackish,  the  paler,  obtuse  margin  finally 
also  blackening,  the  hypothecium  reddish-fuscescent.  Spores 
solitary,  oblong-ellipsoid,  8-12-locular,  80-110  by  20-30  mic. 

■^ Lecidea,  F4e  Ess.,  p.  107,  t.  27,  f.  1.     Tuckerm.  in 

WrigJU  Lich.  Cub.  n.  22S.  Nyl.  in  Prodr.  N.  Oran.,  p.  66; 
&  in  Lindig  Herb.  N.  Gran.  723,  755,  &c.  Jleterotheciuia 
tuberculosum,  b,  Tuckerm.  Gen.,  p.  174. 


56 


HETP:ROTHECrUM. 


I!lf 


Trees,  Alabama  (Beaumont)  Tuckerin.  Oen.  .«72;  (f. 
clUoritiH.)  Florida,  Austin  (the  Hatne  form.) fhe  Euro- 
pean var.  jHichycarpa,  Flot.  (Biatora  parhycarjm,  Vr.  L.  E. 
p.  '!-}*,))  though  in  other  respects  like,  and  offering  also  the  f. 
chloritis,  which  I  observe  at  least  in  Zw.  n.  H(»  {Arnold) 
differs  in  the  tballus  passing  readily  into  deliquescence  and 

mealiness :  this  state  is  unknown  here. The  spores  of  the 

present  stock  now  offer  distinct  indications  of  the  coloration 
of  the  brown  type. 

6.  (b)  //•  pachycheilum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  not  unlike  that 
of  //.  tuberculosum,  but  deliquescent  and  mealy  as  in  the 
European  var.  pachycarjnim^  and  always  glaucesemt; 
apothecia  middling-sized  to  ample  (1 — i'"""-  wide)  closely 
sessile,  flattish,  reddish-brown,  with  a  turgid,  pate  margin, 
the  liypolhecium  as  in  the  last.     Spores  in  twos,  threes,  and 

fours,  ellipsoid,  more  or  less  curved,  40-80  by  1.5-24  niic. 

Lecidea,  Obs.  Lich.  5,  I.  c.  6',  p.  281;  &  in  Wrifjlit  Lich. 
Cub.  u.  230.  Heteroth.  tuberculosum,  v.  pachycIieUum,  Oen. 
p.  175. 

Trees.  Low  country  of  South  Carolina  (liavenel)  Tuckei- 
mau  I.  c.  1864.  Georgia,  Ravenel.  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 
Beaumont.     Louisiana,  Hale.     Texas,  Hall. 

6.  (c) //.^Jorp/tynYes,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus sub-cartilagineous, 
f'uiooth,  rimose  becoming  rugose,  and  soon  deliquescent  and 
mealy,  glaucesceut ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  large  (I"""-, 
5 — 4"'"'-,  5  wide)  sessile,  from  flat  soon  convex,  and  from 
reddish-brown  soon  blackening,  white  pruinose,  the  stout, 
shining  margin  soon  concolorous,  at  length  excluded,  the 
hypothecium   pale.     Spores   solitary,  3-6-locular,  40-70   by 

18-24  mic. Biatora,  Syn.  N.  E.  p.  61;  &  Lich.  exs.  n. 

90.     Heteroth.  tuberculosum,  v.  porphyrites,  Gen.  p.  175. 

Trees.     AVhite  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Tnckerman^ 

I.  c,    1848.    Vermont,  Frost.     Massachusetts,    WiUey. 

Interesting,    like   //.  tuberculosum,  v.  jxtchycarpum,  in   the 

present  stock,    and   genus,  for   its  northern    range. H. 

Wriijhtii  {Obs.  I.  c,  p.  275;  and  Wright  Lich.  Cub.,  n.  235) 
resembles  this  in  general  aspect,  but  has  not  occurred  within 
our  limits. 


HETEROTHECIUM. 


67 


«  •  *  « 


Lopadium.    Spores  muri/orm-mtUtilocular. 


1.  11.  Domingense,  (Pers.)  Flot. ;  thallus  of  flnttoiuMl 
granules,  running  into  a  thin,  smooth  but  soon  uneven,  and 
finally  thickened  and  rugose-verrucose  crust,  f rom  glaucescent 
tinged  more  or  less  yellowish  becoming  bright-yellow,  and 
then  more  orange  ;  apothecia  middling-sized  (O"""-,  7 — l"""-, 
5  wide)  sessile,  the  disk  flat  finally  a  little  convex,  sangui- 
neous and  blackening,  yellow-powdery  at  length  naked  and 
smooth,  with  a  tumid,  smooth  and  shining,  very  entire,  now 
flexuous,  orange-yellow  margin,  finally  gyrose-proliferous, 
the  hypothecium  more  or  less  reddish- fuscescent.  Spores  in 
twos,  threes,  fours,  sixes,  and  eights,  ellipsoid  soon  clongattu, 
6-10-locular,  the  lenticulai  cells  entire,  or  at  length  divided 
into  two  equal  ones,  various  in  size,  20-40  by  6-18  mic, 

colourless. Lecanora^    Ach.    Syn.   p.    336.      Parmelia 

ventosa,  Dominffensis,  Eschw.  Bras.  p.  189.  Lecklea,  Nyl. 
Tuckerm.  in  WrigJU  Lich.  Cub.  n.  231.  Parmelia  gyrosa, 
Mont.  Cubtty  p.  212. 

Trees.  Low  country  of  South  Carolina  (Eavenel)  Tucker- 
man  Gen.  1872.    Florida,  AustijK    Louisiana,  Hale.    Texas, 

Hall. The  veiy  close  relation  in  which  this  species  stands 

to  H.  vulpinum  suggests  readily  that  it  is  rather  to  be  taken 
for  an  inchoate  Lopadium  than  a  small-fruited  Bombyliospora 
with  Lopadium  affinities.  And  the  specimens  cited  from 
South  Carolina  and  Texas,  in  which  the  spores,  occurring  in 
less  than  the  noimal  number  in  the  thekes,  assume  something 
of  the  dilatation  and  other  change  of  outline  of  those  of  //. 
vulpinum^  and  shew  commonly  at  length  all  the  spore-cells 
divided  at  the  middle,  while  still  referable  only  to  H.  Domin- 
gense,  lend  weight  to  the  suggestion. 

7.  (b)  //.  vulpinum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  H.  Domingense ; 
apothecia  not  differing,   though  the  fruit  becomes  final ly 
sanguineous-rufous  with  concolorous  margin.   Spores  solitary, 
or  in  twos,  threes,  and  fours,  f rom  coccif orm  becoming  oblong 
ellipsoid,  muriform-multilocular,  in  six  to  ten  series  of  two  to 

four  members  each,  25-50   by  14-20  mic,  colourless. 

Lecidfa,  Obs.  Lich.,  5,  l.  c.  C,  p.  281;  &  in  Wright  Lick. 
Cub.  n.  233.  Nyl.  Syn.  N.  Ceded.,  p.  50.  Heterothecium, 
Tuckerm.  Oen.  p.  175. 


58 


HETEROTHECIUM. 


u  ; 


Trees.  Florida,  Ravenel ;  Austin. A  distinct  Lopculhim  ; 

but  the  youuf?  spore  not  differing  from  that  of  //.  Domimjense. 

8.  //.  leucoxanthum,  (Spreng.)  Mass.;  tlialluH  cartila- 
gincous,  smooth,  soon  chinky,  granulate,  and  rugoHC-vorru- 
cose,  glaucescent,  and  white ;  iipothecia  middlina-sized  to 
am])le  (1 — 'i'"™*  wide)  sessile,  flat,  disk  j'ellow  <>r  green- 
powdery  becoming  fulvous,  rust-coloured,  and  now  aurk-green, 
at  length  a  little  convex,  the  tumid  margin  oraase-yellow, 
saffron,  rusty  or  finally  reddish-brown,  now  flexu()«.s,  and  the 
fruit  finally  proliferous,  the  hypothecium  reddish-ruseescent. 
Spores  solitary,  muriform-multilocular,  in  about  twenty  series 
of  six  to  ten  members  each,  42-!>2  by  20-40  mic,  fuscescent. 
Tuckerm.  Oen.p.  17fi.    H.  trkulor,  Mont.  Syll.  p.  341. 

Trees.  Swamps,  in  the  upj)er  country  of  North  (iirolina, 
Ctirtin.  At  Aiken,  anil  in  the  low  country  of  South  (urolina, 
Ravenel.    Florida,  Au:^tin.    Alabama  and  Mis8issij>j)i.  Peters, 

&c.     Louisiana,  Hale.     Texas,  Ravenel. Represeuted  in 

the  alpine  districts  of  Scotland,  and  in  the  north  of  Norway, 
by  the  strongly-marked  II.  fuscoiuteiim  (Dicks.)  oidy  recently 
removed,  (by  the  spores)  from  its  long  confusion  with 
Placodium;  but  not  yet  known  here. 

9.  //.  2}€zizoideum,  (Ach.)  Flot.  ;  thallus  of  scattered, 
now  and  with  us  commonly  flattened,  squamaceous  and  sid)- 
lobulate,  or  now  ver/ucofe  and  ev'en  coralloid,  granules, 
greenish  soon  fuscescent,  and  blackening  ;  apotheciM  small  to 
middling  (0"""-,  5 — imm.^  r,  ^j^ig^  elevated  and  more  or  less 
turbinate,  disk  black,  opake,  from  concave  with  a  stout, 
entire  but  rugulose,  brown  margin,  or  at  length  flat,  and  the 
margin  concolorous,  the  hypothecium  fuscescent.  Spores 
solitary,  muriform-multilocular,  the  transverse  series  of  cells 
from     fourteen     to    twanty-four,    44-100    by    18-40    mic, 

fuscescent. Lopadinm,   Koerh.   S;/st.  p.   210.     Th.  Fr. 

Scand.  p.  3S9.  L.  pezizoidexim  &  L.  miiscicohnu.  Koerh. 
Parerg.  p.  175.  CaUcium  dein  Trachyh'a  ^ihipomelana., 
Tuckerm.  Syn.  2f.  E.  p.  79;  Lich.  exs.  n.  98. 

Fir-bark,  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  I.  c,  1H48.  On 
White  Cedar,  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey.  Bark,  Washing- 
ton Territory,  Suksdoi-f.     On  mosses,  islands  of  Behiiug's 


HETERi/raFX'irM. 


59 


Straits,  Wright.  Greenland,  Stizenberger Index  Lich.  Ilyperh. 
Anticosti,  Macoun. 

10.  //.  phyllocharis,  (Mont.?);  thallus  very  thin,  mcni- 
branuceous,  smooth  or  granulate,  greeuish-fjlaucescont ; 
apotliocia  minute  (0"""-,  25 — 0"""-,  5  wide)  sesbile,  convex, 
pale-brownish,  or  greenish,  or  at  length  black,  with  a  thin, 
disappearing,  white  margin,  the  hyi)othecium  brownish. 
Spores  solitary,  nmriform-nndtilocnlar,  the  series  of  cells 
twelve  to  thirty,  of  three  to  six  members  each,  30-75  by  12-36 

mic,  fuscescent  or  decolorate,  the  parapb.yses  deficient. 

Biatora,  Mont,  in  Ann.  5, 10,  p.  128?  e  deacT.  Sporopodixim 
Leprieurii,  Mont.  Ouy.  p.  20,  t.  16,/.  1?  edescr. 

Evergreen   leaves,    Florida,   Austin. It   is   only   with 

hesitation  that  I  venture  to  refer  this  Florida  lichen  (a  native 
also  of  Cuba,  Wright)  to  Montague's  description  of  his  cited 
Bintora,  afterwards  associated  by  him  with,  and  seemingly 
too  near  to  his  later  Sporopodium ;  and  am  determined,  in  so 
doing,  mainly  by  the  deficiency  of  the  paraphyses,  a  more 
inijjortant  note  perhaps  than  the  more  or  less  stalked  thekes. 

11.  //.  Augustini,  Tuckerm.  in  litL  ad  int.;  thallus  thin; 
granulate,  glaucescent ;  apothecia  minute  (0"'">-,  3 — O'"™-,  5 
wide)  sessile,  plano-convex,  disk  livid-blackish,  the  thin, 
demiss  margin  white,  the  hypothecium  brownish-rufescent. 
Spores  solitary,  muriform-multilocular,  decolorate,  40-60  by 
14-20  mic,  the  paraphyses  few,  loose,  divergently  branched. 

Trees.     St.  Augustine,  Florida,  Sprague. Much  like 

the  preceding ;  and  admitted  with  the  same  hesitation. 


M 


*****  Biatorella 
numerous  in  the  thekes. 


Spores   exceedingly   minute,  and 


12.  H.  ccnspersum,  (F^e)  Flot. ;  thallus  of  very  minute, 
separate,  then  croAvded  granules,  from  yellowish-glaucescent 
passing  into  orange-yellow  ;  apothecia  small  (O"""'-,  5 — imm.^ 
wide)  sessile,  at  first  flat,  the  disk  orange-powdery  or 
granuliite,  at  length  blackish,  but  soon  and  commonly  convex, 
and  quite  excluding  the  at  first  turnid,  pale  yellow,  or  when 
rubbed  seen  to  be  blackish  margin,  the  hypothecium  reddish 


60 


LFX^IDEA. 


and    blackish-brown.      Spores    globular,    in    linear-clavate 

thekcH. Ijecidea,  F4e  Ess.  p.  108;  Suppl,  p.  109^  t.  42y 

f.  26.     Tuckerm.  in  WrigJU  Lich.  Cub.  n.  224. 

Trees,  southern  Alabama,  Beaumont. 

12.  (b)  H.  nannarinm^  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  scurfy-granu- 
lose,  pale-lemon-coloured ;  apothecia  very  minute  (0"""-,  1 — 
0"""-,  26  wide)  sessile,  flattisb,  disk  naked,  reddish-brown, 
the  thin  margin  yellow,  the  hypothecium  fuscescent.  S|X)res 
globular,  in  short-saccate  thekes. Gen.  p.  176. 

Trees.    Texas  (  WrigM)  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1872. 


'I  ' 


'i'l 


Sub-Fam.    3. — Eulecideei. 
Apothecia  sessile ;  exciple  coal-black. 

t..— LECIDEA  (Ach.)  Fr.,  Tuckerm. 
Apothecia  normally  patella?form,  and  homy.  Spores 
colourless,  shewing  the  whole  development  of  the 
colourless  type,  from  ellipsoid  soon  fusiform,  passing  at 
length  into  acicular  and  2-4-plurilocular,  the  cells  always 
entire  (§  *)  or  ellipsoid  and  simple,  except  in  n.  31,  in 
which  they  are  tailed  below  and  4-8-locular;  and  n.  42, 
in  which  they  are  variously  cui^ved  and  4-locular  (§  *  *) 
or  very  minute,  and  numerous  in  the  thekes  (§***). 
Spermatia  for  the  most  part  oblong  or  staff-shaped,  or 
very  rarely  filiform  and  bowed,  on  sub-simple  sterigmas. 
Thallus  now  rarely  caulescent  (in  §  *)  or  more  or  less 
lobuhite  (as  in  the  same  section,  and  in  §  *  *  *)  but,  for 

the  most  part,  unifoiin. The  group  is  disposed  here 

as  by  Frios,  L.  E. ;  and  the  reason  of  it  as  set  forth  by 
him,  p.  281-4,  &c.,  has  been  fully  recognized,  in  one 
way  or  other,  in  the  works  of  subsequent  lichenographers. 
Beyond  the  separation  of  the  species  with  brown  spores, 
more  recent  lichenologists  have  varied  but  little  from 
the  spirit  of  Fries's  aiTaugement.  There  is  at  least  no 
dispute  as  to  tlie  central  series  of  voc\i-Lecidea.     But 


(? 


LECTDEA. 


61 


IP 


with  this  another  is  SAsooiahlo,  of  various  habitat  (§  •  *  h) 
the  rehition  of  which  to  liiatora  is  more  close :  one  or 
two  of  the  lichens  once  referred  here,  are  now,  in  view 
at  once  of  their  microscopical  structure,  and  tlieir  other 
afiinities,  more  satisfactorily  removed  to  that  geims ; 
and  states  of  others  (themselves  sufficiently  Lecideine) 
look,  now  curiously  enough,  the  same  way. 

*  Ton  in  ia .  ThaUus  gleboua-squamuloMj  heaped  at  length 
and  rnfjoHe-pUcate,  more  or  leas  lobulate;  rarely  caulencent  (n. 
4,  S)  noio  much  reduced  and  granuloae  (n.  7)  or  deficient  (n. 
10.)     Spores  from  simple  hi-plurilocular^  and  from  ellipsoid 

through  fusiform  aciadar. The  analogue    here    of    the 

section  Psora  in  Biatora. 

1.  L.  Candida,  (Web.)  Ach. ;  thallus  of  turgid,  glebons 
squamulcs  crowded  and  growing  together  into  a  wavy,  rugose- 
plicate  crust,  and  more  or  less  lobulate,  especially  at  the 
circumference,  white,  the  surface  granulate,  becoming  mealy  ; 
apothecia  middling-sized  to  ample,  appressed,  dattisb,  white- 
pruinose,  the  obtuse  margin  finally  lobate-dexuous ;  within 
pale,  the  hypothecium  fuscescent.  Spores  (in  French  speci- 
mens) fusiform  and  sub-acicular,  bilocular,  16-22  by  3-4  mic. 

Schcer.  S2yidl.  p.  120.     Fr.  L.  E.  p.  285.     Th.  Ft. 

Scand.  p.  338. 

Upon  the  earth  In  the  extreme  north.  Arctic  America, 
{Richardson)  Hooker  I.  c,  1823.  Greenland  {VaJil)  Th. 
Fr.,  I.  c. 

2.  L.  cwruleo -nigricans,  (Lightf.)  Scheer. ;  thallus  of 
glebous  squamules,  stipitiform-exteuded  downwards  in  the 
more  perfect  states,  and  there  fulvesceut  and  radiculose, 
expanding  and  sub-lobate  above,  and  finally  cfowded  aud 
gyrose-plicate,  pale-olivaceous-brown  or  at  length  dark- 
greenish,  for  the  most  part  densely  white-pruinose  ;  apothecia 
middling-sized  to  ample,  peltate,  flattish,  obtusely  marginate, 
pale  within,  the  hypothecium  at  length  brown.  Spores  fusi- 
form and  sub-acicular,  bilocular,  14-27  by  2-4  mic. Scha-r. 

Spicil.  p.  120.     Toninia,  Th.  F)'.  Scand.  p.  336.     Lecidea 
vesicularis  (b.  excl.)  Fr.  L.  E.p.  286. 


■M 


I, 


di 


LECIDEA. 


fit 


'  '1  !   i 


i:       '< 


On  tlie  earth  in  mountainouB,  and  high  northern  regions. 
MoiintniiiH  of  I'tah  {Watnon;  Lapham)  Tuckernian  Oen., 
1 M72.  H(K'ky  Moiintninri  in  Colorado,  l\iwjle  in  herb.  Spragiie. 
Shores  of  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  lat.  48",  I^ingle,  in  the  same 
herbarium. 

n.  L.  Bran(legei,Tuc\ionn.  ;thallu8rugoHe-plicate,greeniBh- 
oehroleucous ;  apothecia  ample  (]"""•,.')  to  3"""' in  width) 
beneath  nutstly  free,  flat,  Boon  wavy,  the  disk  very  black  and 
opake,  the  originally  ])alu  margin  soon  blackening,  bright, 
and  lobate-crenate,  then  domiHB,  and  disappearing ;  pale 
within.  Spores  short-ellipsoid,  simple,  6-11  by  4-*»  nnc. 
Paraphyses  at  length  distinct,  and  bluish  then  brownish- 
capitulate. Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  18S,H,  p.  21. 

Rocks,  Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado,  T.  S.  Brandeyee  in 
herb.  Sprague.  Notwithstanding  the  originally  lecanorine 
characiter  of  the  apothecia,  the  natural  affinity  of  the  lichen 
is  Avith  the  next  following,  which  it  is  as  near  to  as  it  strikingly 

differs  from. Spermatia,  so  far  as  seen,  short-acicular, 

now  bowed,  about  IG  mic.  in  length,  and  less  than  one  in 
width. 

4.  L.  Pringlei,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  pulvinate,  (about  half 
an  inch  in  height)  composed  ot  crowded,  branched  trunks, 
which  are  dilated  above  and  densely  plicate-rugose,  and  pass 
at  the  base  into  rootlike  branchlets,  pale  to  dark-green,  and 
finally  black,  and  shining ;  apothecia  ample  to  very  large 
(2-6'""'-  in  width)  a  little  elevated  at  the  centre,  flat,  soon 
wavy  and  lobed,  and  at  length  variously  irregular,  the  disk 
from  rufous-fuscescent  soon  very  black,  excluding  the  at  first 
pale  but  soon  black,  and  shining,  stout  margin,  within  pale. 
Spores  from  broad-ellipsoid  oblong,  simple  and  pseudo-bi- 
locular,  10-12  by  3-5  mic,  the  paraphyses  scarcely  distinct. 

Spermatia  filiform,  now  bowed,  18-24  mic.  long. Bull. 

Torr.  Bot.  Club,  1883,  p.  21. 

Rocks.  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  G.  O.  Privgle  in  herb. 
Sprague.  On  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
Washington  Territory,  Brandegee,  in  the  same  herbarium. 
The  specimens  last-named  are  strikingly  differenced  from 
those  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  by  the  extension  of  the  trunks 


LFX'IDKA. 


f.a 


into  nlender,  nnkod,  irre^ularly-hranchcd  Htcnm,  ('X|iiu)<liti}{ 
only  nt  tli(>  HuniniitH  into  tlio  plicate  Htnto,  with  Honicthin^  of 
tlie  look  nnd  at  '"nfftli  colour  of  branchcH  of  Alertoria  (H'hm- 
lewa  f.  nigriranM.  The  hy|M)tlu'cinni  of  L,  I*rinfjln\  an  that 
<)f  L.  lirawlegei,  rests  on  ^oni<lia,  and  the  feature  \h  more 
pronounced  and  constant  than  it  seenm  to  ])e  in  the  Knro|K'an 
L.  coiiylonieriita.  IJut  I  take  the  latter  (in  which  alH<»  the 
aiK)thecnifn  is  originally  lecanorine)  to  he  the  key  to  the 
position  of  both  the  better-devcloiwd  North  American  lichens. 

.5.  L.  maM8(Ua,  Tuckenn. ;  thallus  of  small,  scattered, 
turgid,  glebous  8(|uamules  becoming  at  length  plicate,  pale- 
greenish  and  glaucescent ;  apothecia  snmll  to  mithlling-sizetl 
(Omin.^  5— 1"""-.  5  in  width)  peltate,  flat,  but,  the  thin  uneven 
margin  at  length  disappearing,  finally  convex  and  irregular, 
pale  w'thin,  the  hypothecium  rufous-brown.  Spores  (^ymbi- 
forni,  bilocular,  D-lfi  by  3-5  mic. Lkh.  Calif.  }>•  2o. 

On  the  earth  in  gravelly  soil,  San  Francisco,  California 
{Bolander)  Tuckerniau  /.  c.  1866.  Colorado,  Brandegee  in 
herb.  Sprague. Spermogones  not  observed. 

6.  L.  cumulata,  Sommerf. ;  thallus  of  small,  adnate, 
thickish,  flattish,  areolar  squamules,  crowded  soon  and 
confluent  in  a  rimose-rugulose,  and  efligurate,  cineraseeut, 
and  whitish  crust ;  apothecia  minute,  flat,  black,  (and  now 
also  rufous  with  paler,  crenulate  margin)  densely  conglomerate, 
for  the  most  part,  in  roundish  heaps,  the  hypothecium  at 
length  brownish.     Spores  fusiform  ellipsoid,  commonly  2- 

locular,  but  found  also  3-4-locular,  12-18  by  4-6  mic. 

Sommerf.  Suppl.  p.  157.  Toninia,,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  ji.  341. 
Lecidea  paracarpa,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  219.  L.  perfidiosa,  Nyl. 
I.  c.  p.  244^  teste  Th.  Fr. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions.  Greenland 
{Vahl)  iTi.  Fr.   I.  c,  1861. Spermogones  not  observed. 

7.  L.  gravoaa,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  minute  granules, 
either  scattered  becoming  now  scurfy,  or  disappearing,  or 
crowded  into  a  broken  crust,  from  greenish  and  glaucescent 
at  length  ashcoloured,  and  brownish  ;  apothecia  minute  (O"""-, 
3 — 5  in  width)  appressed,  flattish,  the  disk  black  (now  livid- 


t4 


LECIDKA. 


m 


it 


I- 1  :i 


palleHccnt)  excluding  Anally  the  thin,  black  iiiur^tin,  the 
hypotheciuni  dark-nifouH-brown.  S|M)ri>8  fruni  cynihiforni 
(t<M>u  dactyluid  and  Hub-acicular,  2-4-locular,  U-2()  by  2)-4} 
niic.  tSi>cnnatia  filiform,  bowed,  on  Hub-Hiinpie  HtcrijfniuH,  hh 
in  the  other  HiH-cies  of  the  prenent  section,  ho  far  hh  in  known. 
Obs.  Lich.  2, 1,  c.  5,  p.  420. 

On  bricks  and  mortar.  New  Orleans,  Ix)uiHinnn  {Ildlf) 
Tuckcrman  I.  c.  18G2.  On  the  same  HubHtrutcH  in  .Sontii 
Carolina,  and  Georgia,  Ravenel  {an  also  on  tiU'H  in  the  iHlund 
of  Cuba,   Wright.)     On  lime-rocks,    New  Jersey,   Aunt  in; 

New   York,    WiUey;  Ohio,  Miss  Hiddleconibe. A  repr«- 

sentative  here  of  the  far  more  distinguished  L.  aromatica 
(8m.)  Mass.,  of  Euroi>e. 

8.  L.  sqiutlida^  (Schleich.)  Ach. ;  thallus  of  thick, 
appresHed,  or  ascendant  and  imbricated,  lobed  S(iunmuU'H, 
wiiich  are  crowded  together  at  length  into  rugoHe  heapH, 
tawny-fuscescent,  becoming  livid,  and  now  blackening ; 
aiM>thecia  middling-sized,  adnate,  flat,  but  soon  excluding 
the  thin  margin  and  Anally  convex,  sub-glol)ose,  and  variously 
irregular,  and,  for  the  most  part,  conglomerate  and  confluent 
into  large  masses,  pale  within,  the  hyi)othecium  rufescent. 
Sjwres  from  oblong  becoming  dactyloid,  and  acieular,  and 

from  4-plurilocular,  28-48  by  2^-5  mic. Ach.  iSyji.  p.  19. 

Schter.  Spicil.  p.  120.     Toninia  aquarroaa^  Th.  Fr.  Scand. 
p.  331. 

b.  caulescetis,  Nyl. ;  the  squamules  extending  downwards 

into  strong,  brownish  stems. Stizenb.  Lich.  Ilelv.  p.  170. 

Toninia  cauleacena^  Anz.  CcUcU.  p.  67;  Lich.  Lanyob.  n.  139. 

On  the   earth  in   alpine  and  arctic  regions.     Greenland 

(Vahl)  Th.  Fr.  I.  c.  1861. b,  Mountains  of  California, 

Bolander.  Cascade  Mountains,  Washington  Territory, 
Brandegee  in  hb.  Sprague. 

9.  L.  ruginosa,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  rounded,  turgid, 
glebous  squamules  which  become  more  or  less  crowded  to- 
gether, wavy,  and  rugose-plicate,  and  are  finally  cancellaL».d, 
from  greenish  at  length  tawny-brown ;  apothecia  ample  to 
large  (1""»-,  5  to  3™"-  in  width)  flat,  at  length  flexuous-lobate, 


LFXIDKA. 


65 


Hcarooly  oxHihIIiijj  tho  stout  timr^in,  palo  within,  tho  liyno- 
tluH'iiiin  hrowiiiHii.  S|M>roH  acinilar,  4-|>liirilocnlar,  '2't-Ui  Ity 
2-.')  niic.  Spcriimtia  flliforin,  boweil,  on  Hub-Hiinple  titt>ri}(iiiiut. 
Lirh.  Calif,  p.  25. 

ScriH'iitiiH'  rockH  on  tht*  coast  of  California  {liolanih-r) 
Tiicki'rinan  /.  c. ,  1^00.  S<|uanuilpti  \vs»  (l('V(l<>|H'<t  than  in 
the  hiHt  preceding,  Hcarcflyhilwd.  ApothociaorijjiimllynifouH. 

10.  L.  JtavorireMrenH,  (Dicks.)  Borr. ;  thaUiis  fon'inii,  l»nt 
<l(>li(|iu>Hciti};  Hoon  and  the  colour  chanf;in^  to  jfrccniHh-ycliow  ; 
apothccia  Hiniill  to  niinuto,  Hcssilc  a  little  elevated,  fntni  huI>- 
^l(.>l>oHc  and  concave  tinally  flat  with  an  ohtuse  margin,  the 
hypothociuin  hrowniMh-hlack.     Simres  aeicular,  plurilocuhir, 

40-70  by  .•1-4  niic. Tiorr.  in  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  />.  ITS,  uot 

ofFr.  L.  E.  p.  201.  Khaphioirpora,  Mvdd  Man.  p.  isr,. 
Secoluja,  Stiz.  Krit.  Bemerk.,p.  11.  L.  citrinella,  Fr,  L.  E. 
p.  340.     Nyl.  Scand.  p.  24S. 

Parasitic  on  the  thallus  of  BoRomyces  hjfS8oide.s,  in  the  White 

Mountains,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  K.  184H. The  relation  of 

the  described  apothecia  to  the  thallus  upon  which  they  jjrow 
is  to  me  the  same  as  in  the  analogous  and  admitted  case  of 
Buellia  scabrosa.  Exactly  as  in  the  latter,  the  apothecia  of 
the  former  (in  all  my  specimens  from  the  White  Mountains, 
as  in  the  admirable  Fr.  Lich.  Siiec.  n.  214)  occupy,  and 
appear  to  occasion  similar  changes  in  the  thallus  of  the  cited 
Bwomyces.  Both  fruits  are  in  every  respect  lecideeine,  not- 
withstanding the  failure  of  the  test  with  iodine. 


**  Eulecidea.    Thallus  uniform . 
in  n.  31,  and  n.  42. 


Spores  simple,  except 


a.  Areolatte.     Rock-lichens. The  centre  and  type  of 

the  genus,  and  its  most  difficult  portion  ;  a  difficulty  which 
no  amount  of  authentic  material — such  is  the  general  agree- 
ment here  in  habit  and  structure,  and  the  great  varial>lenes8 
of  form — can  more  than  alleviate  (*)  ;  and  modern  attempts 

(*)  Thin  Is  Hufllclcntly  tilicwn  by  Dr.Tli.  FriesV  recent  crltlcIsniH  {Lich.  Srttiiil. 
pangim)  of  the  <leteriiilimtloiiH  of  Lecidea  by  the  incut  eminent  llchenoRrapherof 
our  (lay.  To  mention  ii  single  example  of  tliese  aniniailverxloni',  for  wMch  I>r. 
Fried  Mhould  appear  to  have  been  amply  equlppeil,  we  are  told  by  him  (/.  c,  p, 
4itO)  umler  L.  texsellatn,  Fl.  (the  L.  spilotn,  Fr.,  but  called,  at  the  place  cited,  //. 
cyanea)  that  the  only  specimen  among  thoite  ho  referred  by  Nylander,  in  the 


I 


66 


LECIDEA. 


to  liido  which  by  an  unexampled  and  seemingly  reckless  pro- 
position of  "new  species,"  serve  only  to  make  irremediable. 
Fries,  {L.  £.,  1831)  was  the  first  to  give  liehenistH  a 
thoroughly  scientific  review  of  the  group ;  and  his  results, 
with  certain  exceptions  determined  l>y  spore-differences, 
(though  in  general  the  spores  arc  here  of  only  inferior 
account)  have  every  claim,  in  view  of  the  excessive 
particularism  of  later  research,  to  be  regarded,  until  larger 
studies,  in  the  direction  of  the  much  needed  new  Licheno- 
yraphia  reformata,  shall  bring  further  light. 

t  Spores  simple. 
X  Olancescentes. 

11.  Z.  prninosa,  (Sm.,  teste  IJorr. !)  Flot. ;  thallus 
tartareotis,  originally  continuous,  then  areolate-rimose,  now 
much  reduced,  and  disappearing,  a  black  hypothallus  more 
or  less  to  be  made  out ;  apothecia  small  to  ample,  commonly 
adnate,  or  now  elevated,  always  flattish,  the  disk  softish, 
rufescent  at  least  when  wet  (and  black)  scarcely  excluding 
the  thin  margin,  at  length  dilated,  flexuous-lobate,  and  break- 
ing  up   into  smaller   ones,  the   hypothecium  pale.     Spores 

ellipsoid,  "9-12  by  5-6  mic." Lecidella^  Koerh.  Syst.  p. 

2S5.  Lecidea  alhocwrulescens,  Fr.  L.  E.  ]i.  295,  &  LicJi. 
Suec.  n.  374.  L.  lapicida,  v.  lithophila,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  226. 
L.  Hthophila,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  405. 

Rocks.  Greenland  (f.  ochracea)  Vahl,  e  Th.  Fr.  Arct. 
18(51.  Lime-rocks,  Texas  (thallus  thick,  delicately  rlnnilose, 
white,  obsciu'ely  now  black-limited  ;  apothecia  reaching  2"""* 
in  width,  elevated,  with  the  habit  and  cliaracters  of  the  arctic 
lichen  (Finmark,  Th.  Fr. !)  as  also  of  An/..  Ital.  n.  78  ;  and 

spores  9-1.3  by  fl-S  mic,  in  width)   Wright. That  Lichen 

pruinosus,  E.  Bot.  pi.  2244,  which  is  commonly  taken  to 
refer  to  Lecanora  privigna,  b,  really  relates  to  the  Lecidea 
2}rninosa    above-described    rests    on    authority   which    one 

Flnlanil  imiHciim  herbniiuin,  wlilch  really  boloiiKH  to  that  sppcles,  Is  there 
(lelorinlneM  n«  /-.  IniiMila,  Fr.,  while  the  others  are  illeitrlhutcd  hctwccn  this 
ti\i«'cle»,  L.  variegatii,  Fr.,  ami  even  the  remote  L.  cuteroleuca.  In  part  noiloubt, 
as  certainly  with  respect  to  another,  nioi-e  startling  emendation,  at  the  name 
place,  these  are  mlstai:es  of  haste;  but  they  Illustrate,  none  the  lens,  the 
(llfllculty  of  the  study  before  up. 


LKCIDKA. 


67 


acquainted  with  tlu'  late  Mr.  IJorrer  can  scarcely  rejjanl  an 
other  than  conchisive.  The  specimen  '-ited  was  named  and 
given  to  me  by  the  Knjilish  Iichenogra|)  ler,  and  Its  value  in 
the  case  is  toufinned  by  the  testinjoi  y  of  another  most 
scrupulous  observer  Sduerer,  who  (iSpicil  p.  1/>H)  |)ronounees 
the  specimen  sent  by  Horrer  to  him  identical  with  Fr.  Lirh, 
JSnec.  n.  374.  According  to  J/erh.  Ach.  {teste  Th.  Fries, 
JScnnd.  p.  4U7)  the  present  lichen  makes  indeed  part  (n  very 
small  one)  of  the  motley  assemblage  of  species  representing 
Acharius's  L.  lajn'a'du,  v.  IHIiophila  {L.  U.)  elevat«'d  by  him 
afterwards  to  spocies- rank  (Syn.  1M14)  and  some  writers  have 
adopted  therefore  thin  designation  for  the  plant ;  it  is  manifest 
however  tiiat  the  author  of  L.  Uthopldla  had  no  such  under- 
standing of  the  so-called  species  or  its  name  ;  which  appears 
then  to  be  destitute  of  authority  earlier  than  Nylander  (*). 

12.  L.  crnciaria.,  Tuckerm.  m  litt. ;  thalluH  very  thin, 
scurfy,  glaucous-white,  intersected  (as  seen  when  wet)  by 
tortuous  black  lines ;  apothecia  small  (O"""-,  5-8  in  width) 
sessile,  flat,  disk  black,  opake,  finally  a  little  convex,  and 
the  origiiuUly  stout,  wrinkled,  at  lengtli  flexuous  margin  dis- 
appearing, the  pale  hypothecium  somewhat  fuscescent,  as  in 
the  last  preceding.  Spores  oblong-ellipsoid,  10-20  by  3-0 
mic,  the  clavate  paraphyses  with  brown  tips  at  length  rather 
lax. 

On  ("  probably  tertiary")  sandstone,  Sta.  Cruz,  California, 

Herb.  Sprague. A  coarser  licihen,  wit'i  mostly  deficient, 

but  now  sparse,  when  finally  clunky,  gla.icescent  thallus,  in 
Avhich  the  hypothallus  is  not  shewn  ;  and  apothecir,  with  more 
or  less  distinctly  wrinkled  margin,  and  imposed  now  on  a 
border-like  thallitie  layer  (both  features  of  L.  2fruinosa)  but 
scarcely  shewing  any  structural  differences  from  the  lichen  of 
Sta.  Cruz,  has  occurred  on  "  volcanic  tufa"  at  Union,  Oregon 

(♦)  Aimrt  from  this,  which  can  hnnlly  lie  called  otherthaii  arbitrary  conHtrui;- 
tloii,  let  It  Itc  poriiiltttMl  to  me  to  (|uef<tloii  another  form  of  arhlti-utltit-HH. 
Xiintlioria,  Th.  Kr.,  can  ilerlve  no  rl^ht  from  the  u^c  of  »!io  name  an  a  Ht-ctlon, 
liicongruously  conntltuteil,  of  /'nniulia,  In  Kr.  .V.  O.  >'.,  to  mipplai  f  the  ilellnlte 
pniun  TlteliiMchiHtes  of  Norman.  Ami  when  the  aiithorH  of  Lichen  itruinoiuH, 
ahove-notlce(l,i>'lnteil  thilr  fleHcrlption  of  It  an  a  (llxtlnct  KpecleH.ln  Ixll.allthe 
eviileiice  there  1h  shew  h  that  Acharlun  rejtanleil  It  an  a  form  of  another  npeclex 
—L.  laiiii-Ula.  if  lie  al'fcrwarilH  arrived  at  a  different  view,  li*  that  a  reaxon  for 
ignorhiK  the  earlier,  and,  an  It  happens,  the  only  pure  deslKnutlon,  lu  favour  of 
a  modern  and  unauthorized  uho  of  hlH  t)t>ecle»uame  uf  1814? 


r. 


^*' 


I 

I 


68 


LECIDEA. 


i 


{Cunirk  in  herb.  Sprague)  and  is  ()laccd  here  for  further 
investigation.  I  venture  to  consider  bot'  plants  nearest  to 
the  species  last-named,  if  not  to  be  subsumed  under  it. 

13.  L.  tesseUina,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  sub-tartfirtous,  riniose- 
areolate,  glauccbcent  (cinerascent,  and  now  a  little  yellowish) 
the  areoles  flat  or  flattish  but  now  at  length  turgid,  margined 
more  or  less  by  the  blackening  hypothallus  ;  apotheeia  minute, 
(O"'"*-,  3-7  in  width)  immersed  in  the  areoies,  from  concave 
soon  flat,  naked,  the  thin,  acute  margin  sub-persistent,  finally 
conrtuont-difform,  the  hypotheeium  colourless.  Spores 
ellipsoid,  9-14  by  .0-7  mic. Obs.  Licit.  4,  I.  c.  12^  p.  181. 

On  various  rocks,  conmion.  New  England,  l^nckerman, 
I.  c,  1877.  Canada,  Macoun.  New  Jersey,  Anstin.  North 
Carolina,  Curtis.  South  Carolina,  and  CJeorgia,  Jiavenel. 
Alabama,  Peters.     Missouri,  and  Kansas,  Hall. 

14.  L.  tessellata,  Floerk.  ;  thallus  sub-tartareous,  rimose- 
areolate,  glaucescent,  covering  a  black,  more  or  less  limiting 
hypothallus  ;  apotheeia  small  to  ample,  and  large,  appressed, 
flat,  the  disk  horny  and  black,  and  originally  glaucous- 
pruinose,  the  thin,  elevated,  persistent  margin  at  length 
crispate-flexuous,    the    hypotheeium    pale.      Spores    short- 

elli|)soid,  C-IO  by  4-6  mic. L.  spilota,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  207  ; 

Lii'h.  iSnec.  n.  400.  Lecidella,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  237.  L. 
vyanea,  Th.  Fr.  Scand..,p.  480. 

Granitic  rocks.  Greenland  {Vahl)  Th.  Fr.  I.  c,  18G1.  At 
l.,ake  Sui)erior,  Agassiz.  New  England,  Ttickerman  ;  Frost. 
Kocky    Mountains,    Hayclen,    &c.      California,    Bolander. 

Oregon,     IlaU. These     plants     do    not     always    agree 

chemically,  any  more  than  other  closely  associable  lichens ; 
but  are  commonly  well  marked  by  the  at  length  crisped 
apotheeia. 

15.  L.  anriculata,  Th.  Fr.  ;  thallus  tartareous,  rimose- 
areolate  passing  into  verrucose,  glaucescent,  or  now  dis- 
appearing ;  apotheeia  middling-sized  to  ample,  appressed  or 
adnate,  flattish  and  marginate  or  at  length  convex  excluding 
the  margin  and  tuberculate,  commonly  at  length  siiniately 
lobed,  and  variously  irregular,  black  and  keeping  the  colour 


LECIDKA. 


69 


when  wet,  the  hyiwtheciuni  brown.     8i)oreh  obiung,  G-ll  by 
2^-3i  niic. Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  490. 

Granitic  rocks.  Greenlaml  (Vahl)  Th.  Fr.  /.  r.,  lH«il  ; 
and  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America,  Th.  Fr.,  in  lAiiv.  .lourn.  A 
single  specimen  from  the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains 
seems  to  suggest  it. 

16.  L.  variegata^  Fr. ;  thallus  sub-cartilng"' leous  (and 
coarser)  passing  into  more  or  less  minute,  depressed,  glau- 
cescent,  or  very  conmionly  yellowisli-white,  now  orange- 
reddish  areoles,  which  are  scattered  over,  or,  being  crowded 
into  groups,  interruptedly  cover  a  black  hypothallus ; 
apothecia  small  to  ample,  from  innate  beconiiiig  superficial, 
and  from  concave  flat,  finally  dilated,  and  now  convex  and 
plicate,  delicately  somewhat  pniinose,  tlie  at  first  coarctate, 
thin  margin  at  length  obtuse,  persistent,  the  hypothecium 
pale  becoming  brownish.    Spores  ellipsoid,  "0-12  by  T)  mic." 

Fr.    L.  E.  p.  303;   Lich.   Suec.  n.  407.     L.  lartea, 

Schmr.  Lich.  Uelv.  n.  176.     L.  pantherinay  Th.  Fr.  Scand. 
p.  491. 

Rocks.  North  America,  Fr.  S.  O.  F.,  1H24;  &  L.  £'., 
1831. A  well-marked  lichen  ;  not  as  yet  kn^^wn  here. 

17.  L.  polycarjM,  ¥r. ;  thallus  rimose-areolate,  the  flat 
areoles  glaucous-cinerascent,  or  now  deficient,  as  is  commonly 
the  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  small  to  middling-sized, 
appressed,  crowded  commonly  into  variously  shaped  groups 
and  becoming  by  pressure  angular,  the  disk  always  flat,  very 
black,  and  naked,  the  thin  margin  persistent ;  within  pale, 
the  hypothecium  at  length  brownish.     Spores  much  as  in  the 

last. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  305.     L.  pantherina,  v.  lajnckla,  Th. 

Fr.  Scand.  p.  493.     L.  lactea,  Nyl. 

Alpine  and  arctic  rock«.  "White  Mountains,  Tuckerman 
Gen.  1872.  Labrador,  Krempelhuher.  Arctic  America, 
Stizenberger,  Index.  Kocky  Mountains,  alt.  8()()()  feet, 
Lapham.  The  first  and  last  of  these  lichens  well  agree  witli 
Fiuropean  ones,  referred,  and  I  think  rightly,  to  the  jiresent 
species,  as  Fries  und.'rstood  it.  And  however  manifestly 
near  to  the  last  it  is  distinguishable  by  the  differently  coloured 


■  a 


70 


LKCIDEA. 


thallus  and  tlie  intensely  and  always  black  a|M>tlK'ciuni ;  and 
is  rocojjnizable  alHo  ])y  the  common  dispoKition  of  the  fruit  in 

conspicuous  clusters. L.  poIi/cai'iM  ''•n'est  en  realiU  que  le 

L.  lactead,  hypothecium  incolore."    Nyl.  iu  Laniy  Cut.,  p.  120. 

18.  L.  lapicida,  Fr. ;  thallus  tartareous,  areolate-verrucose, 
from  glaucous  at  length  more  or  less  ashcoloured,  the  black 
hj'pothecium  mostly  obsolete ;  ajjothecia  middling-sized, 
appressed,  black,  commonly  flattish,  at  length  very  flexuous, 
convex,  confluent,  and  difform,  a.id  the  thin  margin  dis- 
appearing, within  .iiore  or  less  darkened  and  blackish  or  now 
greenish,    the   hypothecium   brown.     Spores  short-ellipsoid, 

8-10  by  3^-7  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  300;  Lich.  iSuec.  n.  408. 

Nyl.  Scand.  p.  22G,  a.  L.  silacea,  Th.  Fr.  Scand. }).  487, 
pr.  x>' 


b,  oxydata,  Fr. 


thallus  orange-red. 


•L.  silacea,  Ach. 


Mountains  of  California,  alt.  8000  feet  (b)  Bolander, 
exactly  the  well-marked  lichen  of  Fr.  Suec.  n.  408  ;  Scha?r. 
Ilelv.  n.  191  ;  and  Anz.  Laiujob.  n.  ir>l).  A  glaucous  lichen 
occurs  lower  down  in  the  same  region  (Bolander)  which  is 
scarcely  separable.  Elsewliere  the  plant  has  not  occurred 
with  us.  Fries's  view,  followed  at  first  by  Koerber  (JSyst.) 
associated  it,  as  possessing  an  "entire  exciple,"  with  the 
next  following  group  of  species ;  and  it  may  be  said  to 
anticipate  that,  while  better  placed  with  the  present. 

11).  L.  paiioiola,  Ach.  ;  thallus  tartareous,  verrucose- 
areolate,  the  soon  tumid,  now  at  length  wrinkled  areoles 
scattered,  or  more  or  less  crowded,  from  glaucescent  passing 
into  ashcoloured,  interspersed  with  garnet-reddish  (tinally 
darkening)  tubercles,  and  covering  a  blackening  hypothallus  ; 
[apothecia  middling-sized  to  ample,  adnate  or  immixt,  flattish, 
or  the  uiore  or  less  jjvuinose  disk  finally  convex  and  the 
obtuse  margin  disappearing,  the  hypothecium  brownish-black. 

Si)oreK  ovoid-ellipsoid.  "  18-34  by  10-10  mic."] Fr.  L.  E. 

p.  bl4;  IJ'-h.  Suec.  n.  380.    Nyl.  Scand.  p.  223.     Th.  Fr. 
Scand.  j).  502. 

Granitic  rocks.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E. 
1848.    Greenland,  V^ahl  e  Th.  Fr.  Arct.    This  extraordinrrily 


LECIDEA. 


71 


clmractcrizo<l  Hclion  is  very  rarely  fertile  in  Europe  (SelmT. 
Nyl.)  mid  fruit  has  not  been  found  in  the  New  England  plant. 

20.  L.  contiffua,  Fr. ;  thallus  tartareous,  originally 
contiguous,  but  becoming  soon  riniose-areolate  and  now 
verruculose,  glaucescent  and  variously  ciner-tscent,  covering 
a  blackening  hyjjotlinllus ;  apothecia  small  to  ample,  from 
innate  finally  sessile,  from  flat  at  length  tumid,  and  excluding 
the  thin  margin,  commonly  black  and  scarcely  prninose, 
within  black,  contrasting  in  section  with  th»  wliite  disk,  the 
hyjwthecium  brownisii-bia  'k.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  12-20 

by  6-!>  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  208,  exc.  excij).,  Lich.  Snec.  n. 

377,  378. 

b.  hydropJiila,  Fr. :  thallus  areolate- verruculose,  tinged, 
always  in  our  plant,  orange-red,  by  iron ;  apothecia  small  to 

middling,  also  more  or  less  tinged,  and  rufous. Fr.  I.  c. ; 

Lich.  tSuec.  n.  37 f). 

Granitic  rocks.  New  England,  Tnckerman  Syn.  N.  E., 
1848.  New  York,  Perk.  The  lichen  is  inferior  in  most 
respects  to  the  one  innnediately  following,  but  more  various 
in  its  range  of  variation  as  in  its  habitat  and  colours,  passing 
now  into  brownish,  rugulose  states,  and  occurring  on  brick 
in  Pennsylvania,  B.  M.  Everhart;  and  on  dead  wood  in 
Massachusetts,  Wilhy. b.  White  Mountains,  along  water- 
courses, Tuckerman. A  not  dissimilar  plant,  with  greatly 

reduced,  rusty  thallus,  nuich  intersected  with  black  lines  by 
the  hypothallus,  and  the  spores  of  the  species,  has  occurred 

on  the  shores  of  the  Rio  (irinde,  California,  liolander. The 

all  but  universally  accepted  luime  of  this  species  is  at  the  same 
time  the  oldest  certain  (me  ;  and  no  uncritical,  early  designa- 
tion of  a  scarcely  typical  meml)er  {L.  platycarpa)  of  the 
specific  group,  however  supported  (accidentally,  we  must 
suppose)  by  a  hevb.irium  specimen,  can  well  be  permitted  to 
supplant  the  critical  Jetermiuatiou  of  Fries. 

20.  (b)  L.  speirea,  Nyl. ;  thallus  tartareous,  imperfectly 
more  or  less  rimose,  white,  now  mealy,  with  an  at  length 
blackening  hypothallus ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  ample, 
from  innate  adnate  and  finally  convex,  mostly  nake<l,  elevated 
at  length  on.  a  thalline  layer,  and  the  obtuse  margin  more  or 


72 


LECIDEA. 


If'HS  white-powdery,  otherwise  «h  the  last.     .Spores  ellipsoid, 

lO-ir)  l)y  G-l>  mie. L.  contigua,  v.  speirfia^  Fr.  Lirh.  Suec. 

n,  410,  &  n.  H7().  Am.  Lieli.  Laiirj.  n.  100.  L.  nimrea^ 
Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  485. 

Gruuitic  and  ciilciireous  rocks.  White  Mountains,  Tucker- 
man.  North  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  Agnnaiz. A  marked 

lichen,  but  not  easily  to  be  far  separated  from  the  imniedinte'.^ 
preceding,  as  exhibited  in  Ilepp  F/eeht.  Eur.,  m,  '26  {L. 
rontiijua  of  this  juithor,  as  of  Koerber,  and  Stizen.  <M"ger,  but 
inseparable  from  L.  njieirea,  Th.  Fr.)  and  Adz.  T.,'ch.  Ital.  u. 
28")  {L.  contigua  of  Aiizt,  and  Stizenberger,  but  admitted,  as 
respects  at  least  one  of  the  two  specimens,  to  be  his  L. 
apeirea  by  Dr.  Fries.)     It  passes  into  the  next,  still  more 

distinguished  form. L.  .npeirea,  Ach.,  could  hardly  has'e 

been,  unless  accidentally,  and  Dr.  Fries  shows  {Scand.  p. 
48G)  from  the  Acharian  lierbariinn,  that  it  was  not  nomen 

purum. The  too  artiiicial  character  of  an  arx'angement 

founded  on  the  reaction  or  want  of  reaction  of  the  hyphae 
with  iodine,  is  sufliciently  shewn  by  the  composition  of  L. 
sj)eirea,  Th.  Fr. ;  and  by  its  wide  separation  from  the  lichens 
with  which  it  naturally  belongs. 

20.  (c)  L.  conjluens,  Schitr.  ;  thallus  tartareous,  rimose- 
areolate,  bluish-gray  (and  pallesceut)  opake  upon  a  black 
hypothallns  ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  large,  a])pres8ed, 
from  flattish  soon  convex,  crowded  together  into  groups, 
dilated,  and  flexuous-multilocular,  the  disk  very  black  and 
opake,  the  stout,  obtuse  margin  becoming  attenuate,  and  dis- 
appearing, the  hypotheclum  blackish-brown.  Spores  ellipsoid, 

10-15  by  G-9  mic. JScho'r.  Spidl.  p.  144;  Lich.  Helv.  n. 

187.     Ziv.  exs.  n.  Icll. 

Granitic  rocks  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions.  Arctic  America 
(likhardson)  Hooker,  /.  c,  1823.  Greenland,  Vohl,  e  Th. 
Fr.  Arct. 

20.  (d)  L.  alborwruJescens,  (Wulf.)  Schaer.  ;  thallus 
tartareous,  contiinious  becoming  more  or  less  rimulose,  smooth, 
pale-olivaceous-glaucescent  ("as  if  oil-besmeared,"  Floerk.) 
upon  a  blackening  hypothallns  ;  apothecia  ccnnmonly  small  to 
middling-sizod;  but  at  length  even  large,  solitary  for  the  most 


.?^  •}  [• 


LECIDEA. 


78 


part,  from  innate  soon  and  commonly  aclnate,  and  flat,  Iwcom- 
injf  finally  dilated,  tIcxuouH,  and  even  proliferous,  the  dink 
livid-brown  soon  blackening,  covered  conspicuously  with  a 
gray,  at  length  ashy,  even  rusty-greenish  bl(H>m  (rarely 
evanescent)  the  thick  but  finally  attenuate,  wrinkled  niargin 
black,  and  naked,  the  hypothecium  brownish-black.     Spores 

ovoid-ellipsoid,  lfi-24  by  8-10  mic. Schffr.  Spin'l.  p.  N2 

(herd.)  Zw.  exs.  n.  129,  a,  6.  Koerb.  Syst.  ;>.  247 j  notoj 
Fries. 

h,Jlavoc(Bnde8cenSy  Schwr. ;  thallus  rimose,  tinged  orange- 
red  by  iron,  as  now  also  the  margins  of  the  apothecia,  the  <lisk 

black  and  very  commonly  naked. Schffr.  I.  c.  &  Lich. 

Helv.  n.  186.     Anz.  Lich.  Ital.  n.  184. 

Granitic  and  arenaceous  rocks,  common  throughout  the 
Appalachian  regions,  and  early  recognized,  probably  long 
before  llalsey,  View,  1823  (e  .tpecim.)  New  England,  Porter, 
1838.     Mountains  of  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina,  (Jnrtis. 

Georgia,  liavenel.    Alabama,  Peters. b,  alpine  and  arctic 

regions.     White  Mountains,   Tuckerman  Syn.  N.  E.  1848. 

Greenland,  Vahl,  e  Th.  Fr.  Arct. The  diagnosis  will  he 

seen  to  cover  the  peculiarities  of  the  var.  aljnna.  Seiner.  I.  c. ; 
Lich.  Ilelv.  n.  185 ;  Anz.  Lich.  Ital.  n.  283 ;  which,  as 
regards  the  scarcely  separable  Italian  lichen  is  the  L. 
phceenterodes,  Nyl.  in  Flora,  1875,  p.  363.  But  Scha'rer's 
plant  is  not  at  all  easily  to  be  distinguished  from  his  n.  471 
L.  albo-cmrulescens,  vulgaris,  Scha;r. ;  as  well  as  of  Stizen- 
berger,  Lich.  Helv.  p.  185)  and  the  pale  disk  occurs  also  in 
the  common  low-country  lichen  not  only  here,  but  in  Europe 
(Zw.  exs.  n.  129,  B,  where  the  whole  apothecium  is  now  pale.) 

20.  (e)  Ij.  platycarpa,  Ach. ;  thallus  sub-tartareous,  thin, 
rugulose,  then  more  or  less  rimose,  glaucescent  and  ash- 
coioured,  tinged  now  red  by  iron,  at  length  and  commonly 
obsolete,  the  black  hypothallus  commonly  obsolete  ;  apothecia 
now  small,  but  more  frequently  ample  to  large,  solitary  for 
the  most  part,  sessile,  black  (in  the  alpine  lichen  now 
brownish-pallescent)  commonly  naked,  from  flat  soon  convex, 
turgid,  and  gibbous-irregular,  and  proliferous,  the  thick  more 
or  less  flexuous-lobate  margin  finally  excluded,  the  hypothecium 
brownish-black.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  14-21  by  G-10  mic. 


74 


LECIDEA. 


!i.n. 


Ach.  L.  U.  p.  173.  SchfPr.  Spicil.  p.  136;  Lick.  Ilelv. 

n.  228.    Anz.  Lkh.  Ital.  n.  288. 

Granitic,  and  arenaceous,  not  excluding  lime-rocks  WTiite 
Mountains,  alpine,  and  below,  Tuckerman.  Elsewhere  in 
New  England,  Fronts  &c.  New  York,  Gerard.  Ohio, 
1  "iSf^iiereux.  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina,  Curtis.  The 
nountain  specimens,  and  the  others  from  New  England  are 
.;  -je-fruited,  and  shew  all  the  characters  of  the  truit;  the 
fUc'r'*  are  small-fruited,  and  less  developed.     The  plant  is 

perhi^      best    placed    next    after    L.  alboccervlescena. 

According  to  Fries  (L.  E.,  p.  301)  Patellaria  macrocarpa, 
DC.  Fl.  Fr.,  refers  to  L.  plcUycarpa,  (as  in  part  also, 
cjcording  to  Dr.  Th.  Fries,  Scand.,  the  specimens  on  rock  of 
P,  albozotiaria  of  the  same  work)  and  the  former  name  is 
adopted  by  Dr.  Fries,  I.  c,  for  the  whole  species-group  {L. 
contiQua)  ;  but  this  can  hardly  escape  being  called  an  undue 
prefeience  of  what  has  never  been  anything  more  than  a 
vague  designation  for  an  unquestioned  and  generally  accepted 
or  .  The  other  constituent  of  Patellaria  albozonaria  is,  it 
appears,  Ileterotheciuin  yrossuni  (Pers.) 

J  J  Fuscescentes. 

21.  L.  atrobrunnea,  (DC.)  Schter. ;  thallus  squamulose- 
areolate,  the  sub-cartilagineous  areoles  scattered,  or  approxi- 
mate, from  flat,  and  at  length  lobulate,  soon  turgid,  and  from 
appressed  ascendant  and  wavy,  smooth  and  shining,  then  dull 
and  at  last  cancellatc-rugose,  the  edges  blackening  (or  now 
abnormally  whitened)  the  outer  ones  now  elongated  and  the 
circumference  efHgurate,  or  black-fringed  by  the  hypothallus, 
from  yellowish  becoming  copper-and  finally  chestnut-brown  ; 
apothecia  middling-sized  to  ample,  closely  sessile,  flat,  black 
and  mostly  without  bloom,  with  a  thickish,  prominent,  finally 
flexuous  margin,  but  becoming  tumid,  and  now  conglomerate, 
within  pale,  but  the  hypothecium  at  length  brown.     Spores 

ellipsoid,  7-12  by  3-G  niic. ISchcer.  Spicil.  p.  134;  Lich. 

Ilelv.  11.  444y  qu.  vis.     Fr.  L.  E.  p.  319. 

Alpine  and  arctic  granitic  rocks.  Greenland  {Vahl)  Th. 
Fr.,  I.  c.  18()1.  Rocky  Mountains,  Parry.  Sierra  Nevada, 
H.    Mann.     Yosemite  Valley,   California,   Bolander.     Mt. 


17, 


LFX'IDKA. 


75 


IMv. 


the 

it  is 


llfnH\,  //all.  Coast  of  Oregon,  Cwm-A;.  Wa»hiiigtoii  Terri- 
tory, S II ksdorf  in  lib.  SpragUf. 

22.  L.  Manni,  TiickiTiii.  herb. ;  tliiilliiH(»f  thick,  tartan'ous, 
convex,  smooth  areoUw  which  are  crowjled  together  into  n 
close,  olivaceons-hrown  crust,  upon  a  black  hypothallus ; 
a|H>thecia  adnatc,  ample  to  Imge,  tlnttiHii,  gray-pruinose,  the 
rather  stojt  margin  persistent,  witiiin  generally  as  in  the  last, 
but  the  ellipsoid  spores  11- Hi  by  .'>-7  mic. 

Volcanic  rocks,  Mt.  Diablo,  California,  //.  Munn.  The 
texture  and  habit  (somewhat  suggestive,  in  the  «"ecimens,  of 
scale-armour)  together  with  the  larger  apoth  u  'aching 
ymm.  ju  width)  and  spores,  should  seem  to  sepa'ato  t  .  lichen, 
even  where  the  last  preceding  is  so  luxuriar.  /  dife^  u.yed  as 
on  the  Pacific  coast ;  but  younger  conditie  tr.  in  the  same 
rocks  (Bolander)  shew  at  least  (if  I  mistaki  i  ,)  Miat  in  its 
first  beginnings  the  plant  is  less  dissimilar  ^o  the  other ;  and 
even  the  marked  lighter  colour  contrasting  •'^>'.'^ly  with  that 
of  genuine  L.  atrohrurmea,  with  which  it  grows,  and  the 

bloom  of   the   apothecia,    are   not   [)eculiar   to  it  (*). 

Reference  should  be  made  here  to  the  confessedly  doubtful  L. 
paupercida^  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  482,  which  is  said  by  this 
writer  to  occur  in  Arctic  America  (Jouru.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond. 
17,  p.  68.) 

23.  L.fusco-cUra,  (L.)  Fr.  ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  sqtianm- 
lose-areolate,  the  areoles  thin,  at  length  closely  approximate, 
flat,  and  for  the  most  pai"*  a  little  hollowed,  or,  the  edges 
beijig  at  length  raised,  wavy  and  sub-imbricate,  somewhat 
lobulate,  and  more  or  less  conspicuously  angulate,  smooth, 
chestnut,  olivaceous-brown,  and  pallescent,  upon  a  black  now 
fringing  hypothallus ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  ample, 
appressed,  flat  becoming  tumid,  the  disk  pruinose  then  naked, 
the  thin,  acute  margin  finally  disappearing,  the  hypothecium 

blackish-brown.     Spores  ellip'.oid,  8-16  by  5-7  mic. FY. 

L.  E.  p.  316,  exc.  excip. ;  Lich.  Suec.  n.  385.    Nyl.  Scand. 

(•)  There  Is  no  reaction  of  the  liypha-  with  Iodine,  which,  wUh  tho80 
llcJienologlBta  who  would  justify  In  this  way  their  fur  from  natural,  wUlo 
separuilon  of  L.atrobninnea  ami  L.fuseoalrn,HUo\i\<\  lea<l  to  the  KtUl  more 
-"^cult  assoclatlou  of  our  plant  with  the  latt«r  of  the  ripecles ;  hut  thlrt  In  not  the 
only  erf'lence  of  the  same  sort  affordeil  hy  the  woi<tern  cpechnens:  and  the  test 
In  question  seems  no  more  useful  hero  than  in  the  contigua-group. 


76 


LECIDEA. 


i1; 


p.  229.     L.  fumoaa  {Ach.)  Schmr.  Spicil.  p.  13  f. 

flranitic  rockH,  an  well  alpine  and  arctic,  ac  of  lower 
n-pions.  Arctic  America  (Richardson)  II(M)ker,  /.  c,  1823. 
VaJd.  Kane,.  White  Mountains,  alpine,  Tuckerman. 
TadoiiHac,  Canada,  A.  T.  Drummond.  Vermont,  Front. 
Hocky  Mountains,  Brandegee.  California,  Mann.  Bolander. 
Oregon,  &  northward,  E.  Hali,  &c. 

24.  L.  insnlaris,  Nyl. ;  thallus  tartareons,  determinate 
(growing  in  small  patches  insularly  among  other  lichens) 
verrucose,  the  warts  confluent  into  a  plicate,  afterwards 
broken  crust,  tawny-brownish  becoming  brownish-ashcoloured 
and  dark-brown,  the  hypothallus  indistinct ;  apothecia  small 
to  minute,  innate  or  commonly  appressed,  flat,  with  a  black 
and  naked  disk  and  a  thin,  prominent,  persistent  ma<  '^in,  but 
soon  crowded  together,  angulate  and  lirellate,  the  hypothecium 

dark-brown.     Spores  ellipsoid,  10-12  by   6-7   mic. Nyl. 

Bot.  Not.  1S52.  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  239.  L.  intumescena,  Nyl. 
lAch.  Par.  n.  58;  Prodr.  Gall.  p.  127;  Scand.  p.  231.  Th. 
Fr.  Scand.  p.  528.     L.  badia,  var.,  Flot. 

Coast  sandstones,  California  (Bolander)  Tuckerman  Gen. 

1872. The  species  first  distinguished,  and  its  expressive 

name  given  by  Nylander.  Flotow  had  already  referred  it  to 
L.  badia.,  but  it  is  plainly  absurd,  that  because  he  was  suffi- 
ciently impressed  by  the  lichen  to  separate  it  from  other 
conditions  of  this  species  by  a  variety  name  (without 
description)  of  its  own,  he  should  be  made  author  of  the 
after-determined  uew  species,  which  he  did  not  recognize. 


25.  L.fuscocinerea,  Nyl. ;  thallus  "effuse,  rimose-areolate, 
uneven,  the  areoles  often  verrucceform  and  tuberculate, 
cinerascent  or  ashy -brown,  on  a  black  hypothallus  ;  apothecia 
closely  appressed  or  at  length  adnate,  commonly  flattish,  and 
bordered  by  a  thin,  rather  prominent  margin,  most  often 
gyrose,  variously  flexuous  and  angulate,  the  hypothecium 
dark,  the  paraphyses  concrete.   Spores  ellipsoid,  9-14  by  6-10 

mic." Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  528.     L.  atroalba,  Fr.  Lich. 

Suec.  n.  406,  c.  L.  tenebroaa,  Nyl.  Prodr.  p.  127.  Tuckerm. 
Gen.  p.  181  ? 


LKCIDEA. 


77 


Alpine  frrnnitic  rookB,  White  MountainH,  T\irkerman,  I.  <•., 

1872. The  Kiiro]M>nn  plant, 'letennined  by  the  cite<lliclien 

of  FrieH,  n|>penrH  Hcareely  well  referable  to  the  next  following 
HpecieH.  Of  ours  very  little  is  as  yet  ascertained,  but  I 
Bcareely  know  where  else  to  place  the  Bpocimen»,  till  Dr. 
FrieH'H  diagnosiH  quoted  above,  shall  help  ub  to  farther 
knowledge. 

26.  L.  teiiehrosa,  Flot. ;  thallua  tartareous,  rimoflc,  the  flat 
portions  soon  a  little  convex,  and  passing  at  length  into  quite 
detn<?hed,  smoothish  areoles  scattered  over  the  conspicuous, 
black  hy]K)thnllus,  from  greenish-pale  to  dark-blackish  lead- 
coloured  ;  apothecia  small,  from  innate  adnatc  and  appressed, 
black,  the  thin  margin  commonly  persistent,  the  hypothecium 
I)alc.     Spores    (in   somewhat  cylindraceous   thekes,  among 

loose   paraphyses)    ellipsoid,    12-18   by   7-10    mic. Nyl. 

Prodr.  p.  127.  Th.  Pr.  ^cand.  p.  540.  Aftpidlia,  Koerb. 
Parerg.  p.  99.  Am.  Lick.  Ital.  Sup.  n.  212.  Schicr.  Lich. 
Jlelv.  n.  129. 

Granitic  rocks.     White  Mountains. 

27.  L.  hiyubria,  Sdmmerf. ;  thallus  coriaceous-curtila- 
gineous,  of  more  or  less  lobulatc,  oi)ake  squanuiles  which  are 
crowded  together  into  a  rugose-plicate  crust,  from  rufous- 
brownish  passing  into  blackish-ashcoloured ;  aiM>thecia 
middling-sized  to  ample,  sessile,  flat,  the  disk  black,  opake, 
the  stout,  elevated  margin  brighter,  persistent,  the  hypo- 
thecium brownish.     Spores  round,  diam.  7-9  mic,  in  linear 

thekes,  amid  slender,  loose  paraphyses. JFV.  L.  E.p.  314; 

Lich.  Suec.  n.  351.  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  232.  Schtereria,  Koerb. 
Syst.  p.  232.  Lecidea  cinereo-rufn,  Schcer.  Spicil.  p.  122. 
Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  419.     Stenh.  Lich.  Suec.  n.  175. 

Alpine,  granitic  rocks,  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  Gen.,, 

1872. It  is  proposed  (Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  p.  173  ;  Scand. 

I.  c.)  to  change  the  long-determined  and  accepted  name  of 
this  lichen,  becaxise  the  herbarium  of  Sommerfelt  appears  to 
shew  that  he  confused  it  with  what  Nylander  has  since  named 
L.  caudata.  But  it  is  easier  to  suppose  that  the  latter  might 
be  passed  over  as  L.  lugiibris,  than  that  Sommerfelt  should 
have  published  a  description  of  it  as  "coriaceous"  and 
"lobate." 


78 


I":        ^ 


•h    t!i 


LKCIDKA. 

Ill  Ochroleucue. 


28.  L»  Armeniacn.  (DC.)  Fr. ;  tluillim  iiicraHHiitcd,  fjir- 
tnreoiiH,  riinoHu-arvolatc,  the  Hiiuiotli,  bright,  Hcattcrnl  tir 
crowdiul  areulcH  M(k>ii  tiirgiil  aiicl  plientc-rii^oHc,  tiixl  from 
|iiili!-y(>lluwi8b  ochrncvoUH,  and  rufcHCfiit  with  u  copiwry 
tiiifjt'  (at  length  darkened  and  bhick-Mpotte*! — f.  niijriUi, 
Auett.)  bordered  more  or  less  and  the  eirnmiferen<'«'  of  tht; 
whole  fringed  by  a  connpicuoUH  incraHHated  black  liypothallim  ; 
[apothecia  from  middling-Hized  large,  innate  in  the  areoles, 
Hat,  black  and  naked,  immarginate,  becoming  turgid  and 
irregular,  dark  within.     Spores  ellipHoid,  If-l.'J  by  4a.(;  mic] 

Fr.  L.  E.  p.  319.    Hchmr.  Spicil.  p.  120.    'Syl.  Scand. 

p.  229. 

Alpine  and  arctic  granitic  rockw.  Greenland  {Vahl)  Th. 
Fr.,  I.  c,  1861.  Rocky  MountuinH,  Bnuideijee  in  herb. 
Sprague,  infert. 

29.  L.  aghjnaj  Sommerf. ;  thalhm  tartareous,  incrassated, 
verrucose-areolate,  the  smoothiHh  areoles  soon  turgid  and 
wrinkled,  and  crowded  into  an  uneven  crust,  pale  ochroleucous, 
upon  a  black  hyi)othallu8  ;  apothecia  middling  to  large,  innate 
in  the  areoleH,  soon  convex,  naked  and  black,  and  inunargi- 
nate,  blackening  within.     Spores  ellipsoid,  10-16  by  5-8  mic. 

Sommerf.   Suppl.  Laj)j).  p.  144.     Fr.  L.  E.  p.  322. 

Schcer.  Enum.  p.  124.     L.  Brunneri^  Schcar.  Spicil.  p.  136. 
Am.  Langob.  n.  150. 

Alpine  and  arctic  granitic  rocks.  Greenland  ( Vuhl)  Th. 
Fr.,  I.  c,  1861.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman.  Sitka,  Dr. 
Kellogg. 

80.  L.  amylacea,  Ach. ;  thallus  tartareous,  contiguous  at 
length  sub-rimose,  the  surface  somewhat  mealy,  pale  ochro- 
leucous and  white,  upon  a  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia 
middling-sized  to  ample,  from  innate  at  length  superlicial, 
flat,  with  a  thick  margin,  then  elevated,  turgid,  and  excluding 
the  margin,  the   disk  more  or  less  pruinose,  within  pale. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  7-10  by  4-6  mic. Ach.  JSjfn.  p.  16.    Nyl. 

Scand.  p.  227.     L.  elata,  Sch(jer.  Spicil.  p.  137 ;  Lich.  Ilelv. 
n.  229.     Zw.  exs.  n.  138. 


I. 


theci 
fulv. 
by  .5 
H  ihul 

a,  d 


LKCIDKA. 


n 


Alpine  rookfl  containing;  lime,  (trocnland  ( V<ihl)  Th.  Kr., 
/.  c,  1>4(>I.     I  tall,   H'atmm  in  'icrb.  SpraKue. 

1 1  ^poreti  fj-8-locHlar. 

31.  L.  caudnta,  Nyl. ;  timlinn  rimoHc-areolate,  paHsing  now 
from  *.ho  firnt  into  vorrucoHP,  aHhy-brown,  Ujwn  a  blacit  hy|K)- 
tlinlluH ;  apothocia  Hninll  to  nii(UUin){-Hizc<l,  HeHaile,  flat,  witli 
a  rather  ntoiit  nn<l  porHiHtent  mar^j^n,  and  ))«('uming  very 
flexuouH  and  lobed,  or  now  Hoon  convex  and  exchiding  tlio 
margin,  black,  the  hy|M)thecium  brownish-black.  8i>ore8 
oblong,  caudate-atteiiuute  below,  ."i-M-locnlar,  112-40  by  M\ 

mic. Xyl.   Srand.  p.   2iiO,   &   in   Felhn.   exa.   n.   1U2. 

Scf>lirio.'H}orum,  Th.  Fr.  Lick.  Suec.  n.  18.  Toiiinia,  dein 
liilhnhiu  lutjubriit,  Th.  f\'.  Lich.  Ant.;  Scand.p.  HS7, 

Alpine  granitic  rocks.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman  Oen.^ 
1872. 

b.  Granulosfp .  Lichens  of  various  habitat :  groirinff  on 
stones  not  only,  hv'  on  the  earth,  dead  tcood,  and  bark.  The 
grou|)  exhibits  often  a  tendency  to  revert  to  Bio*nra;  and  the 
spores  to  pass  beyond  the  simple  type. 

t  Stock  of  L.  enteroleuca.  Spores  small,  ellipsoid, 
simple. 

32.  L.  enteroleuca,  Fr. ;  thallus  from  rugose  at  length 
granulate-verrucose,  tinuUy  often  heaped,  or  now  disappearing, 
glaucescent  and  cinerascent,  the  hypothallus  indistinct; 
apothecia  minute  to  middling-sized,  adnate,  soon  and  more 
c<nnmonly  convex  excluding  the  margin,  black,  the  hypo- 
thecium  now  colourless  but  most  commonly  more  or  less 
fulvous,  and  finally  darkening.     Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  9-17 

by  .5-1)  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  331  quoad  f.  cortic,    <t    L. 

H  'hideforum,  r/,  e,  &  f,  quoad  f.  saxic.  Tuckerm.  Syn.  X.  E. 
pp.  67 -S.  Am.  Lich.  Ital.  n.  268.  L.  parasema,  v.  latypea, 
&v.  pnterolenca  saxic,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  217.  L.  eltpochroma, 
a,  &  h,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  543. 

b,  theiopla^a,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  verrnculose,  pale-y«.  How  ; 
the  by pothecium  fulvous  and  blackening. Oen.  p..  1 79. 


80 


LECroEA. 


M< 


c,  cequata^  Floerk. ;  thallus  more  continuous  and  even, 
rimose-areolate,  ashcoloured  ;  apothecia  from  innate  becoming 

Buperlicial,  the  hypothecium  (in  ours)  fulvous. Th.  Fr. 

Scand.  ]).  543.     Hepp.  Lich.  Eur.  n.  6. 

d,  muacorum^  Koerb. ;  thallus  white,  the  hypothallus 
indistinct;  apothecia  very  black,  flat  with  a  rather  stout 
margin,  becoming  convex,  and  confluent,  the  hypothecium 

fulvous. L.   Wulfeniij    Koerb.   Parerg.   p.    210.     Am. 

Langob.  n.  186. 

e,  achrista,  Sommerf. ;  thallus  originally  contiguous,  from 
thin  smoothish  and  rimulose  at  length  verrucose  as  in  a,  from 
whitish  now  dark-ashcoloured,  the  hyiwthallus  mostly 
indistinct ;  the  apothecia  much  as  in  a,  but  longer  flat  and  at 

length  flexuous,  and  the  hypothecium  always  fulvous. L. 

enteroleuca,  a,  max.  p.,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  331.  Koerb.  Syst.  p. 
243.  Stenh.  Lich.  Suec.  n.  243.  L.  parasema,  a,  Nyl.  L. 
elieocJiroma,  v.  achrista,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  544. 

(,Jlavida,  Fr.,  Stenh.;  thallus  thin,  smoothish,  rimulose, 
yellowish,  limited  and  variegated  by  the  black  hypothalUis ; 
apothecia  Anally  much  as   in  the   next,   the   hypothecium 

fulvous  and  blackening. Stenh.  Lich.  Suec.  n.  113.     L. 

parasema,  v.  Jlavens^  Nyl.  L.  eloeochromay  v.  Jlavicans,  Th. 
Fr.  Scand.  p.  544. 

g,  ambigna,  Anz. ;  thallus  thin,  glaucescent  and  cinerascent ; 
apothecia  from  livid-fleshcoloured  rufescent,  blackish  with  a 
thin  gray  bloom,  and  black,  the  hypothecium  fulvous,  and 

blackening. Anz.  Lich.  Ital.  n.  279.     Biatora  ambigua, 

Mass.  Ric.  p.  124;  Exs.  n.  333.  B.  tabescens,  Koerb.  Syst. 
p.  203. 

Common,  in  one  form  or  other,  throughout  North  America, 
and  though  suflflciently  and  now  remarkably  various,  offering, 
in  the  conformation  and  ccloration  of  the  crust,  in  the 
revertence  now  towards  Biatora  in  the  apothecia,  in  the 
hypothecium,  and  in  the  ovoid,  often  falsely-bilocular  spores, 
and,  it  should  be  added,  in  the  acicular  and  bowed  spermatia, 

good  points  of  recognition. a  is  found  on  rocks  and  stones 

throughout,  but  my  specimens  very  rarely  show  other  than  a 
coloured  hypothecium.    From  this  it  is  not  claimed  that  L. 


LECIDEA. 


81 


vitellinaria,  Nyl.,  differs  at  all,  except  in  being  without 
thalluH,  and  occurring,  so  far  as  known,  only  on  that  of 
Placodium  vitellinum.     It  has  been  observed  on  the  North 

Platte,  Dr,  Hayden. b,  serpentine  and  sandstone  rocks, 

Caliiornia,  Bolander.  Buhrstone,  South  Carolina,  Ravenel. 
And,  not  very  different,  from  granitic  rocks,  New  Jersey, 

Austin. c,  on  trap  rocks,  Grand  Manan  island,  N.  IJ., 

Willey.  On  brick,  Pennsylvania,  Eckfeldt.  The  distinction 
from  this  (as  exhibited  in  the  cited  specimen  of  Ilepp)  of  L. 
monticola^  Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  224,  and  Hepp  n.  2r)2,  a 
calcareous  lichen,  recognized  in  this  country  at  Trenton, 
N.  y.,  by  Mr.  Willey,  and  also,  in  his  specimens,  by  Dr. 

Miiller  Arg.,  is  not  yet  sufficiently  cleur  to  me. d,  mosses 

&c.  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions.  White  Mountains,  Tuckar- 
man.      Islands   of   Behring's    Straits,    Wright.      Anticosti, 

Macoun. e,  trees  and  shrubs  throughout  the  United  States 

and  Canada,  long  known,  but  the  older  authorities  uncertain. 

f,  on  bark,  and  also  dead  wood,  New  England,  Rusnell, 

&c. ;  its  real  range  perhaps  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  last 

preceding. g,  bark,  Washington  Territory,  Snksdorf  in 

herb.  Sprague.  On  dead  wood,  Oregon,  Hall. The  above- 
chosen  name  of  the  present  species  is  the  oldest  certain  one  ; 
L.  parasema  being  better  referred  to  Buellia,  and  L. 
elceochroma,  Sommerf.,  Acharius's  understanding  of  which 
was  (as  might  be  supposed)  vague,  as  see  Th.  Fr.  Scand.,[i. 
549,  &c.,  having  been  anticipated  by  L.  enteroleuca,  Fr. 

33.  L.  melancheima,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous, 
originally  contiguous,  becoming  plicate-rugose  and  sub- 
lobulate,  and  verrucose,  glaucous-white  and  cinerascent,  tlrc 
hypothalliM  indistinct;  apothecia  small  to  middling-sized, 
adnate,  from  flattish  soon  convex  and  the  margin  demiss,  and 
disappearing,  very  black,  and  (for  the  most  part)  polished 
and  shining,  confluent  at  length  and  irregular,  the  hypotheoiuni 

pale.  Spores  oblong-ellipsoid,  7-12  by  3-4  mic. Tuckerm. 

Syn.  N.  E.,  p.  68,  &  Lick.  exs.  n.  138.  Nyl.  Scand.  p. 
234,  312;  Lapj).  Or.  p.  164.  L.  safmletorum,  d,  enphorea, 
Fr.  L.  E.  p.  340;  &  Lich.  Snec.  n.  154,  not  of  Floerk.  L. 
eluta,  Flot.  in  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  246. 

On  dead  wood,  common  throughout  New  England,  but  not 


88 


LECIDEA. 


known  as  yet  from  the  other  Atlantic  States.  It  has  turned 
up  in  Colorado,  Brandegee  in  herb.  Sprague. The  above- 
cited  description  from  the  Lwhenographia  Europcea,  which  is 
authenticated  by  the  published  specimen  ticlteted,  in  my  copy, 
by  the  illustrious  author  himself,  leaves  it  quite  boyond  doubt 
what  Fries's  view  of  this  lichen  was  in  1831,  and  we  also 
know  that  he  adhered  to  the  view  in  his  latest  published 
revision  of  Swedish  lichens  {Summd)  in  1847.  And  it  is 
therefore  impossible  that  Dr.  Th.  Fries  should  be  other  than 
mistaken  in  his  assertion  {Lich.  Scand.  p.  554)  that  the  L. 
elabens,  Fr.  L.  E.,  p.  344,  which  the  author  placed  next  to, 
and  declared  "perhaps  too  near"  the  widely  different  L. 
Friesii,  Ach.,  should  yet  represent — and  that  without  any 
hint  that  such  comparison  had  occurred  to  Fries — the  same 
plant  which  four  pages  back  he  had  described  as  a  state  of  L. 
sabuletoimni ;  neither  his  view  of  the  different  affinities  of  the 
two  permitting  this,  nor  (as  we  might  suppose)  the  discrepant 
characters.  We  cannot  talk  of  L.  melancheima  as  having  an 
"  ochroleucous "  thallus ;  nor  pretend  that  its  fruit  is  ever, 
like  that  of  L.  Friesii,  rugose-plicate,  or  comparable  with 
Clioatomnm  comigatum,  Fr. ;  and  the  name  elabeiis  is  without 
meaning,  as  the  disk  holds  its  place  perfectly  well.  A  speci- 
men of  L.  elahens,  Fr.,  from  the  original  locality  (Femsjo  in 
Sweden)  sent  many  years  since  by  Dr.  Fries,  is  indeed  before 
mt,  and  perfectly  confirms  Fries's  judgment  above-cited  as 
to  the  plant's  being  only  an  ill-exhibited  L.  Friesii.  All  three 
of  the  lichens  named  are  cited  (Th.  Fr.  Scand.)  as  occurring 
at  Femsjo,  and  so  may  possibly  occur  together;  but  the 
ai.'thor  of  the  Lichenograjthia  Europoea  has  left  us  no  excuse 
for  confounding  them. 

34^.  L.  vorticoaa^  Koerb. ;  thallus  granulose-verrucose,  dis- 
persed or  heaped,  or  quite  disappearing,  whitish  and 
cinerasoent ;  apothecla  middling-sized,  appressed,  flattish,  the 
very  black  disk  opake,  the  margin  rather  prominent,  becoming 
flexuous  and  iobulate,  the  hypothecium  brownish-black. 
SiHjrcs  "linear-ellipsoid,"  11-13  by  4-5  mic. ;  the conglutinate 

parnphyses  inlc^nsely  cffirulescent  above. Koerb.  JSyst.  p. 

251^  &  herb.  Am.  Lanyob.  n.  353.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  515. 

Granitic  alpine  and  arctic  rocks.  Arctic  America,  Th. 
Fries  in  Linn.  Soc.  Journ,,  IS 79. 


LECIDEA. 


83 


35.  L.  pycnomrjm,  Kocrb. ;  thallus  tartareoiis,  vomicose- 
granuloHi',  the  warts  more  or  less  confluent  and  rugiilose, 
white,  the  hypothallus  indistinct ;  apothecia  very  minute,  flat, 
with  a  thin,  entire,  concolorous  margin,  densely  conglomeralt' 
in   small    clusters,  the    hypothecium    dark-brown.     Spores 

ellipsoid,  10-12  by  3-6  mic. Koerb.  Parerg.  p.  213.     Th. 

Fr.  Scand.  p.  555.     L.  symphorella,  Xyl.  in  Flora,  1870, 
j).  35. 

Granitic  rocks,  Island  of  Grand  Manan,  N.  B.,  Willetf.  A 
very  similar  lichen  occurs  on  dead  wood  'n  the  White 
IMountains ;  but  in  this  the  apothecia  are  not  quite  black 
(blackish-brown.) 

36.  L.  cyrtidia,  Tuckerm. ;  thallusof  very  minute,  scattered, 
or  finally  crowded,  HCiirfy  granules,  olivaceous-greenish,  the 
hypothallus  mostly  indistinct,  but  now  black  and  dendritic  on 
quartz ;  apothecia  niinute  (O"""-,  2-5)  appressed,  flat  at  first 
with  a  smooth  margin,  but  this  socn  disappearing,  and  the 
fruit  convex  and  itiimarginate,  livid-black,  the  thi^k  hypo- 
thecium blackish-brown.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  o-'J  by  2-4 
mic,  the  concre'ce  paraphyses  at  length  rather  distinct,  and 
brown-capitulate. Obs.  Lich.  4,  I.  c,  12,  j>-  181, 

On  various  rocks,  Missouri  (Ilcdl)  Tuekerman,  I.  c,  1877. 
INIassachusctts,  Willey.     Illinois,  Wolf.     And,  hardly  diflfer- 

iug,  on  dead  v'ood,  New  Hampshire,  Willey. L.  rdtima, 

Th.  Fr.  in  Lond.  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  17,  p.  363,  from  Arctic 

America,  n.   of  82",  seems  scarcely  to  differ. The  last 

word  has  perhaps  hardly  yet  been  said  as  regards  the  Kuropean 
L.  sylvicola,  Flot.,  and  L.  erratica,  Koerb.  ;  the  first  of  which 
is  taken  to  differ  from  the  other  in  an  only  "blackening" 
rather  than  "  vory  black"  apotheciuni,  which  continues  longer 
flat,  and  in  a  thicker  hypothecium  ;  both  characters  of  our  L. 
cyrtidia.  But  L.  sylvicola  of  Nyl.,  in  Norrl.  Lkh.  Fenn.,  n. 
145,  differs  from  our  lichen  in  larger,  oblong  spores.  Authors 
are  not  agreed  as  to  the  reaction  of  the  Eiu'opean  pl.ants  with 
iodine.  According  to  Th.  Fries  {Scand.  ad  lac.)  both  give  u 
vinous-red  I'oaction,  which  should  seem  to  contrast  with  the 
intensely  blue  one  afforded  by  L.  cyrtidia.  But  Nylander 
(Laj)v.  Or.,  p.  186)  obtains  a  blue  reaction  from  L.  erratica; 
and  1  observe  the  same  in  his  cited  specimen  of  L.  sylvicola. 


84 


LECIDEA. 


-     I 


and,  as  well,  in  a  Hpecimen  of  the  latter  »ent  me  by  Koerber. 

[7y.  nc(jlficta,  Nyl.  ;  thalluH  of  minute,  Hub-eoufluent, 
whitinh-aHheoloiu'cd  f^vanulca,  forming  t\  determinate,  thin 
cruHt  of  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  vvhicl)  i8  not  rarely 
somewhat  eflifjfiu'atc  at  the  circumference  ;  a|)othi'cia  very 
minute,  superficial,  ttattish,  opake,  the  obtuse  margin  at  length 
disai)pi'aring,  the  hypothocium  brownish.     Spores  obhmg  or 

fusiform-oblong,  8-11  by  3-4  mic. Nyl.  Samd.  p.  244. 

Th.  Fr.  Srand.  p.  524. 

Inorusting  the  snuiUer  mosses  (Grimmia,  Andrtpa)  in  the 

Scandinavian  countrioH,  rarely  fertile  ;  Nyl.  I.  c. Norwegian 

specimens  (sterile,  though  from  what  is  called  an  abundantly 
fertile  station)  in  herb.  Willey,  sent  by  Dr.  Fries,  are  very 
like  an  alpine  lichen  of  the  White  Mountai.iS,  growing  with 
Jj.  arvtica,  which  I  have  always  regarded  us  that  species 
infertile.  But  the  low  country  fui'nishes  :•  plant  similarly 
constituted,  the  determinate  and  quasi -effl^ urate  character 
being  especially  marked,  growing  on  rocks,  and  nlways  with- 
out fruit,  which,  connnon  at  the  base  of  t!»(;  White  Mountains, 
has  been  found  by  Mr.  Willey  to  extend  to  the  south  shore  of 
Massachusetts  ,  and  is  taken  by  him  for  a  possible  represen- 
tative here  of  the  European  species  above-<let'icribe.,!.] 

■\-\  Stock  of  L.  alpestris.  Sporea  oblovg-ovoid  be- 
coming suh-fusiforiu^  and  now  2-4-locular.  Alpine  lichens,, 
groioing  on  the  cur.w..,  i'ld  on  mosses. 

37.  L.  arctica,  Sommerf.  ;  thallus  of  minute,  cartilagineous, 
at  first  discrete  then  heaped,  globular  granules,  brownish-ash- 
coloured  ;  apothecia  small  tonuddling-sized,  iinniixt,  globular, 
inunarginate,  very  black,  thiidy  gray-pruinose,  at  length 
tuberculate-irregular  and  conglomerate,  the  hypothecium 
brownish.  Spores  from  ovoid  becoming  oblong  and  sub- 
fusiform,  12-24  by  7-9  mic. Fr.  L.  E.  p.  342.     Th.  Fr. 

Scand.  p.  548. 

b.  2^tdUda;  thallus  pale-ochroleucous. L.  pallida,,  Th. 

Fr.  Licit,  exs.  n.  21 ;  Lich.  Arct.  p.  221 ;  Scand.  p.  539. 
Lecidella,  Koerh.  Parerg.  p.  214. 

Upon  mosses  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions.  White  Mountains, 


LECmEA. 


85 


Titckerman  Syn.  N.  E.,  1848.  Clroenland,  Vahl,  e  Th.  Fr., 
I.  r.  iHlands  of  Behrin^'H  Straits,  Wright.  Mountains  of 
Washinjfton  Territory,  Brandegee.  h,  "on  the  eartli,  ami 
on  HK-iks,"  Greenland,  Vahl,  e  Th.  Fr.  /.  c.  Sufficiently 
marked  in  colour,  and  the  granules,  in  my  HpecimcnH,  coarser  ; 
but  other  differences  scarcely  api)ear,  nor  are  noted  in  the 
descriptions. 

38.  L.  limosa,  Ach. ;  thallus  thinner  than  i»  the  precedinp; 
and  often  Bomewhat  indistinct,  Itut  \i*-(:ttt^infi  ut  length 
cartilagincous,  and  areolate-verrur«»l«»He,  ht-owiuK^i-a^h- 
coloured  ;  apothecia  small  to  almost  muidlinv'',  a<luat«'  u  liftle 
elevated,  globular  and  immarginaie,  vvj  bis;  Jt,  naiwd,  a**! 
smoothish,  the  hypothecium  reiUlisli-1)ro«fiish.     Spornx  ovuwl 

and  sub-fusiform,  "'.MM  by  4-f>"  inie. JKjs/     Sfomd.  p>. 

221.     Th.  Fr.  Stand,  p.  ^38.     Lcndelh    '«««<*.-«,    h'oert, 
Syst.  ]).  2<i4.     Am.  JAch.  Langoh.  n.  183. 


On  naked  earth,  in  alpine  and  arctic  rcpwiu  Jr  inwliwi  a 
part  of  Jj.  alpestriit,  Th.  Fr.  Ji-i't.,  said  ii»»fl>»  to  ••♦•(MTr  in 
(Jreenland,  Vahl;  aiiother  Minstituent  l»eii»jr  "ti***  HWiMljt-  L. 
assimilata,  Nyl-,  to  which  I  now  refer  the  sckV-  .^«it«'T  .an 
lichen  elsewlu're  {G*n.  p.  17!*;^  wsociatA^i  hf  wh^  n^ttk  X. 
limosa  {horealin.)    Both  plants  ait  probably  PUiaCt  Am»^cj«» 


39.  L.  alpetttris,  Hommer^  Th-  Fr. ;  thaBa*  #i«J«0ii,  of 
crowded  and  heaped  cartilii^ti**'OUS  <rranules  ptmmm(f  'vat'(t  * 
riniose-rugulose  crust,  whitish  oi  cineraHcent  :  aymittMwia  ■Btttf 
to  middling-sized,  appressec'  soon  convex  and  ir>*im(/tffmmlm, 
livi<l-black  and  l)lack,  naked,  connnoniv  (!ongl'  laU?.  •» 
hypotheciuju  pale  but  more  or  less  reddinh-  !»rov> 
ol)l()ng  and  sub-fusiform,  simple,  or  2-4^i<»oului 

3-4"  mic. Th.  Fr.  IScand.  p.  52(i.    L.  W/>€«^  .s  stenoUsfm, 

Nyl.  Stenh.  Lich.  Suec.  n.  214.     Nyl.  Scand.  p.  221. 


14-25  K 


On  the  earth   in   alpine  and   arctic   regi<  (Jreenland, 

Stizenberger  Inde.r  hyperb.  1H7G  ;  and  included  also,  accord- 
ing to  I)r.  Fries,  in  his  L.  alpentrix.  Lich.  Arct..  naid, 
generally,  to  occur  in  Greenland.  More  value  than  has  been 
allowed  seems  to  belong  to  tiie  not  uncommon  bilu«-ular 
structure  of  the  spores,  since  this  passes,  regularly  and  not 
very  uncommonly  in  the  cited  Swedish  lichen  into  3-4-loculttr. 


86 


LECIDEA. 


40.  L.  cusimilata,  Nyl. ;  thallus  granuloHe,  or  {^ranulos^* 
areolato,  cinernscent ;  apotbecia  small  to  almost  middling- 
sized,   convex   and   immargiuate,   black,    naked,   the   thick 
hypothccium  dark-reddish-biown.     Spores  oblong,  and  sub- 
fusiform,  often  bilocular,  10-16  by  3-5  mic.-^ Nyl.  Sca.id. 

p.  221.     TJu  Fr.  Scand.  p.  521. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions.  Islands  of 
Behring's  Straits  (Wright)  Tuckerman  Gen.,  1872  (non  L. 
borecUis.) 

41.  L.  crajisipes,  (Th.  Fr.)  Nyl.;  thallus  of  minute, 
scattered,  globular,  whitish  Marts  ;  apothecia  small  to  middling- 
sized,  flat  at  first  and  obtusely  marginate,  but  soon  convex 
and  imraarginate,  opake,  more  or  less  distinctly  stipitate, 
finally  clustered,  and  variouply  irregular,  the  hypothecivim 
reddish-brown,  and  blackening.  Spores  from  ovoid  becom'ng 
oblong  and  sub-fusiform,  now  bilocular,  "10-16  by  3^-/*" 

mic. Nyl.  Lapp.  Or.  p.  104;  &  in  Norrl.  Lich.  Fenn.  n. 

194.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  520.     Helocarpon,  Th.  Fr.  Lich. 
Arct.  p.  178. 

Upon  mosses  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions.  Arctic  America, 
Th.  Fries  in  Lond.  Linn.  Soc.  Jonrn.,  1879. 


^^■\  Spores  variously  curved^  4-locular. 
lichen. 


A  bark- 


42.  L.  acdinis,  Flot. ;  thallus  rugose-verruculose,  or  sub- 
leprous,  or  scarcely  any,  cinerascent ;  apothecia  small  to 
minute,  udnate,  flat,  thinly  marginate,  or  now  at  length  convex 
and  the  margin  disappearing,  the  hypothecium  pale.  Spores 
(8-16  in  the  thekes)  from  obliquely  ellipsoid  more  or  less 

bean-shaped  or  S-shaped,  4-locular,  9-17  by  3-6  mic. Nijl. 

Scand.  j).  219.     Ilepp.  Fl.  Eur.  n.  281.     Arthrosporum, 
Mass. ;  Koerh.  Syst.  p.  270.     Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  584. 

Bark  of  Poplar,  Massachusetts  &  New  Hampshire,  Willey. 


*  **  Sporoi>tatia. 
in  the  thekes. 


Spores  very  minute  and  numerous 


43.  L.   MoriOy   Schaer. ;   thallus    areolatc,    the    discrete, 


BUELLIA. 


87 


flattish  areolPB  soon  a  little  convex  or  even  wart-like,  smooth 
and  shining,  yellowish-copper-coloureil,  those  of  the  eircnni- 
ference  more  or  less  radiant,  and  fringed  also  by  the  black 
hypothallus  in  which  they  are  mostly  immersed  ;  apothecia 
minute  to  almost  middling-sized,  depressed  and  scarcely  siir- 
))afising  the  areoles,  at  length  irregnlarly  convex,  often 
papillate,  and  now  gyrose-plicate,  the  hy|H)theciinn  pale  to 

dark-reddish-brown.     Spores    globular,    and    ellipsoid. 

Sckcer.  Spia'l.  p.  183,  a.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  319.  Simrastatia., 
Mass.,  Koerh.  Syst.  p.  205,  a.  Am.  Lang.  n.  164,  a. 
Biatorella  sp..  Mans.,  olim;  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  403. 


b,  coracina,  Schrer. 
Fr.  I.  c. 


areolcs  blackening. Schatr.  I.  c. 


Alpine  and  arctic  rocks.     White  Mountains,   Tnckerman 
Syn.  N.  E.  1848.    Rocky  Mountains,  Parry.    Sierra  Nevada, 

California,  Bolander. b,  Arctic  America,  Dr.  Kane  ;  Tk. 

Fries  in  Lond.  Linn.  Soc.  Journ.,  1879. 


lumerous 


LI.— BUELLIA,  De  Not.,  Tuckorm. 

Apothecia  patelljefomi.  Sport^H  ellipHoid,  from  simple 
(rarely  sab-persistent  n.  18)  bilocular  often  by  constric- 
tion S-shaped  (§*  &  §**)  or  now  qnadrilocular  (n. 
10,  11,  20,  33-36)  or  murifonu-multilocular  (n.  21,  2.5, 
27)  brown,  but  now  decolorate.  Spermatia  oblonjr,  or 
stati'-shaped,  on  simple  sterigmas.     Thallus  now  lobulato 

(§  *)  but,  for  the  most  part,  unifonn. Some  remarks 

on  the  analogy  and  vahie  of  the  group,  which  is  to 
Lecidea  as  Rinodina  to  Lecanora,  may  be  found  in  the 
author's  Gene^'a  Lichenum,  p.  184.  As  hcjre  understood, 
Buellia  afibrds  the  fullest  exhibition  of  the  ditterentiation 
of  the  brown  spore. 

*  Gatolechia.  Thallus  from  rugose  jAicate,  reduced  n otv 
to  glebous-squamtdose,  at  leiujth  lobulate.     Spores  hiJocxdar, 

brown. The    group    corresponding    here   to  the   section 

Toninia  in  Ijecidea. 

1.  B.  epigceaj  (Pers.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  rosulate,  sub- 


88 


BUELLIA. 


|i'';'  'i' 


liiil' 


stellate,  many-cleft,  white,  mealy,  reduced  now  to  scattered 
lohuloH  ;  apothecia  small  to middling-Hized,  stib-sessile,  flat,  but 
the  brownish-black  or  black,  opakc  disk  at  length  convex  and 
excluding  the  prominent  margin,  which  is  suffused  at  first 
more  or  less  bj  the  thallus,  the  hyimthecium  brown.     Spores 

ellipsoid,  bilocular,  12-18  by  fi-9  mic. Lecidea,   Schoer. 

Spicil,  p.  118.     Fr.  L.  E.  p.  290.     Ilqip,  Lich.  Eur.  n.  144. 

Upon  the  earth  in  calcareous  regions.  Bad  lands  of  Judith, 
Nebraska,  an  1  on  the  North  Platte  river,  Wyoming, 
accompanying,  as  in  Europe,  Placodium  fuhjent  {Ilayden) 
Tnckerman    Gm.,    1872.     Montana,   growing  with  Biatora 

devipiens,  M,  A.  Brown. Acharius  confused  this  with  the 

similar  Placodium  candicans,  Dub. ;  and  his  description  of 
the  fruit  has  been  regarded  as  belonging  wholly  to  the  latter  : 
but  the  apothecia  of  Buellia  epigcaa  occur  also  dark-brown. 

2.  B.  holacina,  Tuckerm.  herb.  ;  thallub  of  scattered, 
turgid,  wavy  and  plicate,  glebous  squamules  (1-2"""-  wide) 
from  greeniwh-glaucescent  at  length  white ;  apothecia  small 
(scarcely  reaching  !"""•  in  width)  adnate,  plano-convex, 
opake,  sub-immarginate,  the  demiss  margin  soon  disappearing, 
the  hypothecium  blackening.  Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  12- 
20  by  6-10  mic,  the  well-developed  paraphyses  loose,  and 
brown-headed. 

On  the  earth,  in  "mesas,"  San  Diego,  California,  Dr. 
Coojyer.     In  the  same  habitat.  Lower  California,  Mr.  Orcutt. 

3.  B.  hadia^  (E'"-)  Koerb. ;  thallus  of  glebous,  now  crenate- 
lobat'i  and  imbricate,  and  now  reduced,  flattened,  and  areolar 
squamules,  tawny,  and  olivaceous-brown  ;  apothecia  small  to 
middling-sized,  adnate,  flat,  the  disk  opake,  the  irregular 
margin  prominent  but  at  length  excluded,  the  hypothecium 

brown.     Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular.  8-16  by  5-9  mic. 

Koerb.  Syst.  p.  226.  Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  185.  Th.  Fr. 
Scand.  p.  588.  Leddea,  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  289,  a.  Nyl.  Scand. 
p.  238.     L.  Dubenii,  Fr.  Zw.  exs.  n.  119. 

Decayed  mosses  ou  rocks,  Yosemite  valley,  California 
(Bolander)  Tuckerman  I.  c.  1872.  Washington  Territory, 
Suksdorf.     Rocks,  Kansas,  Hall. The  lichen  occurs  also, 


BUELLIA. 


fi9 


icattered 

,  flat,  but 

ivex  and 

at  flrst 

Spores 

Schcer. 

.  n.  144. 

f  Judith, 
'^yoming, 
JIayden) 
Biatora 
with  the 
iption  of 
tie  latter : 
brown. 

jcattered, 
nm.  wide) 
cia  snmll 
3-convex, 
npearing, 
[jular,  12- 
)08e. 


and 


•nia,  Dr. 
.  Orcutt. 

crenate- 
d  areolar 

small  to 

irregular 
othecium 
niic.' 

Th.  Fr. 
ll.  Scand. 

'alifornia 
'erritory, 
urs  also, 


in  Europe,  parasitic  on  the  thallus  of  ParmelUp ;  L.  badiella^ 
Nyl.  J^jren!  p.  12  {'^/ere  variekm"  I.  c.)  being  scarcely 
distinguishable  from  such  states.  The  spures  of  our  plants 
exceed  t' ose  of  the  Pyrenjcan,  but  are  rather  snuiUer  than 
those  of  I  lie  other  European  specimens  before  me. 

^  4.  li.  jndehella    (Schrad.)    Tuckerm. ;    thallus   of   turgid 

squamules  which  are  crowded  together  into  a  gyrose-plicate 
crust,  and  become  explnnate  and  undulate-Iobate  at  the 
circumference,  greenish-yellow  (pallescent  with  age)  upon  a 
black  hypothallus  ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  ample,  sunken 
among  the  snuamules  or  superficial  and  sub-sessilt',  flat  at 
first  niid  obtusely  riexu«;;;;'.-marginate,  t  iit  tinnlly  tumid,  and 
the  margin  obsolete,  often  conglomerate,  and  confluent,  the 
hypothecium  black.     Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  "10-17  by 

7-10"  mic. Lecidea  Wahlenbergii,  Ach.  Schur.  Spicil.  j). 

lis.     Fr.  L.  E.  p.  290.     Steiih.  Lich.  Saec.  n.  213. 

Moist,  shaded,  alpine,  and  arctic  rocks.     Arctic  America 

{Richardson)  Hooker,    I.    c.    1823. The   smaller  lichen, 

agreeing  in  the  colour  of  its  plicate  but  less  develoi)ed  thallus, 
and  referred  here  (as  a  depauperate  forn\)  in  tlie  Syn,  Lich. 
N.  Eng.,  p.  (54,  as  not  uncommon  in  moist  fissures  of  rocks, 
at  the  summits  of  the  White  ISIountains  {Tnckerman)  as  of 
the  Adirondack  mountains,  N.  Y.  {Peel')  has  never  occurred 
in  fruit,  and  its  place  is  indeterminable.  The  habit  of  growth 
of  the  lichen  suggests  also  the  alpine  Catolevhia  llooken  of 
European  mountains,  unknown  here. 

**  Euhuellia.  Thallus  uniform.  Spores  broicn,  in  the 
larger  number  of  species,  typically  bilocvlar,  butjjassiny,  rarely, 
from  stich  conditioiis  into  4-0-locxdar  ones  {n.  11)  always  4- 
locular  in  n.  20;  4-locxdar  breaking  at  length  into  jilnrilocnlar 
in  n.lO;  and  finally  reaching  the  extreme  of  dereloj.m^.nt  of 

the  broivn  s2)ore,  in  muriform-nndtilocidar,  in  n.  21. The 

section  affords  thus  a  very  rich  and  instructive  exhibition  of 
this  important  type  of  spore. 

{  Glaucescentes. 

5.  B.  retrovertens,  Tuckerm.  in  litt. ;  thallus  of  small, 
separate,  smooth,  here  and  there  sub-lobate,  soon  convex 


'i 


I 


t 


•:  «;! 


•JO 


ru  KLLIA. 


fti'ooh'H,  j;Ihu('pho(MiI  ;  apofhocia  iiiinnto  (0""".^  3..'',  in  vridth) 
luliiatc,  tlu'  black  dink  hooh  convex,  nnd  the  l>rowii  l)Mt 
lilnekcniii^  inar^iii  deiiiiHH,  uiid  diHappcarin^s  the  liypotlicciiiin 
lirowiiiHii-black.  .Sporew  ellipHoid,  hilocular,  10-17  by  7-8 
niic.  ;  the  at  length  diHtinct  paraplivHCH  ht-<)wn-hca<U'd. 

CJrniiitic  rocks,  Hocky  MountaiiiH  in  CoU>rado,  liraudeffee 
in  herb.  Spiiifiuo.  Too  little  Ih  known  of  this.  Tin-  thalhiH 
at  once  HuggewtH  that  of  Le.canora  calcarea,  v.  coiitorta,  an, 
more  diHtantly,  that  of  the  granitieoline  L.  cineren,  v.  tjibhoHa, 
but  this  is  also  true  of  the  PyreuH'an  Lecidea  fu/uaiiiulata,  .V>//., 
Obs.  Ptfr.  p.  58,  as  describe*!,  which  should  differ  but  little 
from  ours,  except  that  no  mention  is  maile  of  the  important 
fact  that  the  margin  of  the  exciple  in  the  latter  is  originally 
pale.  Is  it  possible  that  the  Europ»ean  lichen  should  be  better 
comparable  with  IhieUkt  naratiUs  than  with  B.  spuria?  And 
is  ours  also  parasitic  ? 

G.  B.  stiymwa,  Tuckenn.  m  litt. ;  thallus  originally  con- 
tiguous, but  passing,  from  the  first,  into  rimose-areolate, 
smooth  and  even,  limited  and  decussated  by  the  blackening 
hypothallus ;  apothecia  minute  (O""'"-,  2-r)  in  width)  adnate, 
flat,  the  black,  naked  disk  bordered  by  a  thin,  persistent 
margin  which  is  originally  of  the  colour  of  the  thallus  but  soon 
blackens,  the  hypothecium  dark-brown.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
bilocular,  11-15  by  5-0  mic. ;  the  concrete,  slender  paraphyses 
at  length  distinct,  not  capitate,  and  scarcely  coloured  above. 

Quartz  rock,  Pennsylvania,  Michener.  On  the  same  rock, 
Weymouth,  and  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey.  South  Caro- 
lina, Eckfeldt. The   thallus   here   appears   certainly   not 

foreign.     The  apothecia  suggest  rather  Jiinodina.     Spermo- 
gones  not  seen. 

7.  B.  lepidastra,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  tartareous,  squamulose- 
areolate,  glaucescent,  the  flat,  soon  dilated  areoles  undulate- 
lobate  and  crenulate,  discrete,  but  crowded  at  length  into  a 
broken,  or  now  rimnlose,  or  even  verrucose  crust,  the  hypo- 
thallus confused,  or  obsolete ;  apothecia  small,  adnate,  flat, 
naked,  but  the  thickish  margin  finally  disappearing,  and  the 
fruit  heaped,  and  proliferous,  the  hypothecium  dark-brown. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  10-20  by  6-8  mic,  the  agglutinate 

l)araphyses  at  length  more  distinct,  brown  above. Suppl. 

1,1.  c.  p.  429. 


lUKF.LIA. 


01 


On  viirioiiH  rockH,  \'«'rin(»i»t  (Front)  'riickcrinaii  I.  c.  1H.''>M. 

MuHsiu'liiiyi'ttH,   Tuvkermnn ;  Willi'}/.     Alnhftinn,    I'^'lern. 

Otlirr  !i<'li«  hh,  from  Tcxuh,  Writjht ;  Ni'w  M('\i(><»,  liramh'tjec  ; 
ttiu\  Cnliforniii,  Iinhiit<U>i\  coiin'  vt-ry  lu-Jir.  Tlii'  Nt'W  Kiij;luii(l 
pliint,  uri^iiiallv  |>iiMiHlu'<|,  \n  ri>iiini-knhU>  fur  itH  much  diluted 
arcoU'M  (commonly  exceeding  2"""-,  running  together  into 
hirfjcr  oni'H  exceeding  4"""-  in  widtli)  which  iiri>  (U-citlcdly 
HfiunmacoouH  ;  but  these  occur  also  smaUcr,  ami  the  priuj-ipal 
diHtinction  of  the  Californian  lichen  from  conditiouH  referaMe 
(in  the  present  writer's  view  at  least)  to  B.  spuria  is  the 
entire  disappearance  of  the  black  hypothallus  of  i\,c  latter; 
the  lar{;;er  spores  of  the  former  being  probably  of  less  account. 

8.  li.  spuria  (Seiner.)  Arn.  ;  thallus  tartareous,  the  snuill, 
flat,  or  at  lenjjth  a  little  convex,  more  or  less  black-edjjed, 
nudtangular  areoles,  either  dispersed  upon  the  conspicuous 
black  hypothallns,  or  crowded  tojjether  into  a  chinky  crust, 
j^li'Mct'Scent,  and  cinerasceiit ;  apothecia  small,  innate-sessile, 
mostly  flat,  the  rather  prominent  marjjin  at  len<!;th  flexuous, 
or  the  disk  papillate,  and  rugose,  the  hypothecium  blackish- 
brown.     Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  9-16  by  4-8  mic. 

Lecidea,  Scficer.  l^picil.  ]>.  127.  Heirp  Fl.  Evr.  n.  3S.  Unci- 
Ua  .spuria,  a,  Anz.  Catal.  Sondr.  j^.  87 ;  &  Lich.  Lanffoh.  ii. 
104.  B.  sjmria,  a,  &  B.  lavtea,  Koerb.  Parerg.  j)-  l^'i. 
Lecidea  lactea,  Jlepp,  n.  751.  Biiellia  ladea,  Tuck.  Gen.  p. 
186  {specim.  Californ.  excl.)  Lecidea  atro-albella,  Nyl. !  in 
herb. 

Ciranitic  and  other  rocks,  common.  New  England,  Tucker- 
man  I.  c.  1872.  New  Jersey,  Au-Hfin.  Pennsylvania,  Mich- 
ener.  INIissouri  and  Kansas,  Hall.  Georgia,  Ravenel. 
Alabama,  Peters. 

9.  B.  stelbdata  (Tayl.)  lir.  &  Rostr.  ;  thallus  thin,  made 
up  of  minute,  flat  or  a  little  convex,  scattered  or  ci'owded 
areoles,  glaucescent  or  cinerascent,  upon  a  black  hypothallns  ; 
apothecia  minute  and  very  minute,  adnate  and  imniixt,  flat, 
the  commonly  jjcrsistent  margin  at  length  disappearing,  the 
hypothecium  blackish-l^rown.  Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular, 
7-13  by  4-7  mic. TJi.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  003.     Lecidea,  Taylor 

Jide  Borr. !  LeifjJit.  Lich.  Fl.  Brit.  p.  304.     L.  npuriav.  min- 
utida,  Uep^  Fl.  Eur.  n.  313. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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(716)I72-4S03 


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On  various  rocks.  California  (Bolander)  Tuckerman  O^en., 
1872.  Tennessee,  Ravend.  New  Jersey,  Austin.  Massa- 
chusetts, WUley. The  New  Jersey  lichen  is  coarser  than 

those  of  Borrer  and  Hepp,  which  are  the  type  of  ours,  but 
far  more  like  the  latter  than  one  of  the  iwo  specimens  of  the 
New  Granada  Lecidea  atellulata  of  Nylauder  ( Lindig  Lich.  N. 
Oran.^  n.  156,  Coll.  2)  which  is  too  near  to  B.  spuria. 

10..  B.  tUbo-atra  (Hoffm.)  Th.  Fr. ;  ihallus  effuse,  cartila- 
gineous,  contiguous  soon  rimulose,  or  now  at  length  thickened 
and  areolate-verrucose,  glaucous-white,  now  mealy,  the  hypo- 
thecium  brown.     Spores  ellipsoid,  4-locular  but  the  cells  at 

length  irregularly   divided,  10-20   by  5-9  mic. Lecidea, 

Schcer.  Spidl.  p.  140.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  336.  Diplotomma, 
Koerb.  Syst.  p.  218.     BueUia,  TJi.  Fr.  Scand.^  p.  607. 

b,  saxicola,  Fr. ;   thallus  more  or  less  determinate,  and 

orbicular. Fr.  I.  c.  , 

(I 
Trunks,  especially  of  Elm ;  less  commonly  also  on  dead 
wood.     Pennsylvania,  Muhlenberg  Galal.,  1818.     New  York, 
and   New   England,   Halsey.     Canada,  A.   T.  Drummond. 

Illinois,   Hall.      California,    WriglU.    Oregon,   Hall. b, 

New  England,  on  granite  rocks  and  sandstone,  Tuckerman. 
Kansas,  on  lime  rocks.  Hall.  Texas,  on  lime  rocks,  WriglU. 
Reeky  Mountains,  on  Chalcedony  pebbles,  Hayden.  Cali- 
fornia, on  sandstones,  (now  peculiarly  dispersed,  f .  microbola) 
Bolander.  Hypothallus  exhibiting  a  blackening  fringe  in 
specimens  from  gneiss,  at  Cape  Elizabeth,  Maine,  Tuckerman; 
and  some  European  specimens  show  perhaps  traces  of  a 
similar  discoloration  of  the  edge  of  the  periphery ;  as  Fr. 
Lich.  Suec.  n.  413,  upon  a  similar  rock. 

11.  B.  parasema  (Ach.)  Th.  Fr. ;  thallus  originally  con- 
tiguous, at  flist  and  often  persistently  thin  and  smoothish, 
but  soon  rugulose,  thickening,  chinky,  and  at  length  areolatc, 
or  variously  granulate,  glaucescent,  cinerascent,  or  darkening 
(exceptionally  also  yellowish)  limited  more  or  less  by  the 
blackening  hypothallus ;  apothecia  sessile  (varying  also,  in 
cases,  to  adnate  and  even  innate)  for  the  most  part  flat  or 
flattish,  and  the  commonly  thin  margin,  which  is  at  length 


BUELLIA. 


93 


i    .;•] 


flexuonS'lobate,  persistent,  but  the  opake  disk  (now  excep- 
tionally brownish,  as  also  the  mar^n ;  and  now,  in  sub- 
tropical regions,  gray-pruinose)  at  length  turgid,  and  variously 
irrogular,  the  hyimthcciuni  brownish-black.     Spores  elli|>soid, 

bilocular,  very  various  in  dimensions,  10-24  by  5-11  mic. 

Tk.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  589.  Lecidea,  Fr.  Sched.  Crit. ;  A  Lich. 
Snec.  )t.  215y  216.  Fr.  L.  E.  p.  330,  mcue.  p.  TStckerm. 
Syn.  N,  E.  p.  67  (ayn.  Floerk.  excl.)  max.  p.  Stenh.  Lich. 
Snec.  n.  109,  110.    L.  disciformis,  Nyl. 

b,  Iriphragmia,  Nyl. ;  spores  from  2-beconiing  3-4-6-locu- 
lar. Scand.  p.  236. 

Bark  of  trees,  and  on  dead  wood,  throughout  North 
America.  Muhlenberg  Catal.  1818  {mltem  pro  p.)  Hahey! 
Arctic  America,  RicJiardson.  Ohio,  Ijea.  Illinois,  &c., 
Hall.  British  Columbia,  Macoun.  Anticosti,  TTie  name. 
Southward  from  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  Tuckerman,  to  the 
Cftrolinas,  and  Georgia,  Bavenel,  Florida,  Austin,  Louisiana, 

Hale,  and  Texas,  Wright. b  may  occur  anywhere.     I  have 

observed  it  in  specimens  from  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  Texas. 
A  rich,  and  vauCh  varied  species.  Beside  the  now  yel- 
lowish tii]ge  of  the  thallus,  this  occurs  also  rose-tinted  (f. 
rhodopolia,  Nyl.  N.  Gran.)  in  Florida  {Austin)  and  now 
verniillion-tinted  within  (f.  eudococcina.  Tuck,  herb.)  in  Cuba 
{Wright.)  Compared  with  those  of  the  European  lichen  as 
noted,  the  spores  of  ours  seem  to  be  rather  smaller,  and  this 
perhaps  more  marked  in  the  specimens  happening  to  be  before 
me  from  the  northern  than  in  those  from  the  southern  States, 

but  a  larger  view  may  correct  this. Acharius  separated 

finally  {Syn.)  the  present  species  and  Ijecidea  enteroleuca; 
but  left  both,  as  Dr.  Th.  Fries  has  shown,  and  as  was  then 
in  fact  inevitable,  confused.  But  F^e  {Meth.  1824)  describes 
in  his  Stipph,  1837,  the  spores  of  his  "  X.  parasema,  Ach. 
Syn.",  so  as  to  leave  no  doubt  that  our  Buellia  was  what  he 
had  in  view.  The  same  is  true  of  Fries's  L.  parasema,  Sched. 
Crit.  (1826)  and  Exsicc,  before  me.  "X.  disciformis, 
Fries,"  cited  by  Mougeot  &  Nestler,  n.  745  (1823)  as  a  syn- 
onym of  L.  parasema,  Ach.,  has  been  adopted  by  Ny lander 
in  place  of  the  other  designation  ;  but  no  better  authority  for 
the  same  appears,  which  is  also  invalidated  precisely  as  the 


I  ' 


94 


BUELLIA. 


"^■''.'rnjK 


n 


earlier  one. — Moiigeot  &  Nestler's  specimens  of  what  they 
mean  including  also  (and  in  Dr.  Taylor's  herbarium  equally 
with  my  own)  L.  enteroleuca. 

[A  marginal  note  says :  ^*  re- write,  and  notice  the  large 
spores  on  dead  wood,  (and  Hawaii,  on  bark.)"  New  Bedford 
specimens  on  rails,  referred  here  by  Professor  Tuckerman, 
have  spores  as  large  as  those  of  B.  dialyta.'] 

11  (c)  B.  papilkUa  (Sommerf.)  Tuck. ;  thallus  incrusting, 
from  thin  and  membranaceous  soon  granulate,  and  Anally 
thickened,  tartareous,  and  rugose- verrucose,  whitish  or  very 
white,  the  hypothallus  indistinct ;  apothccia  middling-sized, 
superficial,  from  flat,  with  an  opake,  at  length  scabrous  and 
tuberculate  (now  brownish)  disk  and  an  obtuse  margin,  soon 
convex,  swollen,  and  confluent-irregular,  the  hypothecium 
brownish- black.  Spores  from  ellipsoid  passing  into  sub-fusi- 
form, 2-4-locular,  18-30  by  7-14  mic. Tuckerm.  Gen.  p. 

186.  Lecidea,  Fr.  L.  E.^  p.  336.  Buellia  inaignis,  Koerb. 
Syst.  p.  230.  Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  p.  227.  Am.  It.  Sup. 
n.  292.    B.  parasemtty  d,  e,  /,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  590. 

b,  albo-cincta^  Th.  Fr. ;  the  margin,  and  now  the  disk  also 
of  the  ajiothecia  white-powdery. Th.  Fr.  U.  cc* 

Upon  dead  mosses,  &c.,  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions. 
Greenland,  (Vahl)  Th.  Fr.  I.  c.  1861.  Rocky  Mountains, 
I'arry,  &c.     Mountains  of  Washington  Territory,  Brandegee. 

b.  Islands  of  Behring's  Straits,  Wright.     Mountains  of 

Washington  Territory,  Brandegee. The  lichen  is  perhaps 

rather  better  characterized  than  the  analogous  form  of  Lecidea 
enteroleuca;  and  has  all  but  universally  been  accepted  as  a 
s^iecies. 

11  (d)  B.  leptocUne  (Flot.)  Mass.;  'Hhallus  tartareous, 
thickish,  rinnilose-areolate,  dirty-whitish,  limited  more  or  less 
by  the  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  sessile,  the  disk  flat  be- 
coming tumid,  black,  naked,  the  prominent,  soon  flexuous 
margin  finally  excluded."  Koerb.  "  Hypothecium  blackish- 
brown.  Spores  ellipsoid,  obtuse  at  each  end,  bilocular, 
scarcely  constricted  at  the  middle,  12-16  by  6-9  mic."  Th. 
Fr. Koerb.   Syst.  p.  225.    Mass.  Lich.   ItcU.   n.  347. 


BUELLIA. 


95 


Rabenh.  Lich.  Eur.  n.  110.  Anz.  Lich.  Etrur.  n.  31.  Th. 
Fr.  Scand.  p.  598.  IjecideOy  iVy/.,  in  Norrl.  Lich.  Fenn.  n. 
199. 

A  black,  limiting  liypothnllus,  however  now  obsolete  or 
deficient,  as  in  muscicoline  and  lignicoline  states,  may  {lerliapH 
be  taken  for  characteristical  of  B.jmraaema;  and  B.  halonia 
constituting  in  this  view,  an  ochroleucous  rock-form,  suggests 
at  once  the  probability  of  a  glaucescent  one,  occurring  also 
with  us.  The  European  lichen  varies  from  a  nearly  crustless 
state  with  thin,  wavy  apothecia  (Hepp,  n.  811,  recognized 
by  all)  to  a  handsome  rimose-areolate  one  {L.  leptoclinoidea, 
Nyl.,  Lich.  Pyren.  n.  65)  which  I  cannot  but  follow  the  enn- 
nent  author  in  considering  scarcely  distinguishable.  To  this 
approaches  nearly  a  well-developed  meniber  of  the  present 
stock  from  the  Galapagos  Islands  ( T.  Hill  in  Exp.  Hassler) 
and  another,  not  remote,  but  comparable  rather  with  the  cited 
plant  of  Anzi,  is  exhibited  in  the  Chilian  L.  dincij&rmiit^  Nyl. 
Chil.  /p.  1 66  ;  this  author  not  then  separating  the  rock-forms 
of  B.  parasema.  But  we  do  not  yet  know  B.  lejitocline  as 
North  American,  unless  an  Oregon  specimen  (Cusick,  in  herb. 

Sprague)  be  referable  to  it. B.  vilis^  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p. 

599,  is  said  by  this  author  to  be  '*  exceedingly  near  akin  "  to 
B.  l^todine,  notwithstanding  the  remarkable  difference  of  a 
colourless  hypothecium ;  and  of  this  (originally  found  in 
Spitz bergen,  but  since  traced  to  Norway  and  Sweden)  "  a 
few  apothecia  "  are  said  by  Dr.  Fries  (Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond., 
I.  c.)  to  have  occurred  to  him  upon  stones  from  Arctic 
America. 

11  (e)  B.  halonia  (Ach.)  Tuck. ;  thallus  sub-cartilagineous, 
rimose-areolate,  the  smooth,  angulate  ai*eoles  soon  wavy  and 
variously  irregular,  pale-greenish-yellow,  upon  a  black,  lim- 
iting hypothallus  ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  appressed,  soon 
convex,  and  tumid,  and  the  thin  maigin  excluded,  more  or 
less  ffiruginous-pruinose,  the  hypothecium  dark-reddish-black. 

Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  11-16  by  6-8  mic. Lecidea, 

Ach.  L.  U.  p.  163.     Buellia,  Tuck.  Oen.p.  186. 

Coast-rocks,  California  {Bolander)  Tuckerman,  ^  c.  1872. 

11    (f)   B.  Semitensia,   Tuck,   herb.;  thallus  tartareous, 


96 


BUELLIA. 


W 


nigose-vernicose,  sulphur-yellow  (and  pallescent)  the  hy- 
potheciutn  indiHtinct;  apothecia  middling-Hized  to  ample 
(O"""-,  7-1"""-,  5)  aduate,  flattish  with  an  obtuse  margin  which 
is  now  early  d^misa  and  disappearing,  naked,  the  hy}X)theciuni 
much  as  in  the  last.  Spores  also  similar  but  larger,  14-28  by 
7-10  mic,  the  rather  lax  paraphyses  reddish-brown  above. 

Granitic  rocks,  Yosemite  Valley,  and  elsewhere,  California, 
Bolander. 

12.  B.  dialyta  (Nyl.)  Tuck. ;  thallus  effuse,  very  thin, 
scurfy  becoming  granulose,  and  more  or  less  at  length  com- 
pacted, white,  on  a  white  hypothallus ;  apothecia  minute 
(0"""-,  2-5)  superficial,  a  little  convex,  immarginate,  scabrous, 
the  hypothecium  dark-reddish-brown.  Spores  fusiform-ellip- 
soid, bilocular,  19-31  by  7-11  mic. Lecidea,  Nyl.  in  Flora, 

1869,  p.  123.    Buellia,  Tuck.  Gen  p.  187. 

On  bark  of  Pinus  contorta,  California,  Nylander,  1.  0. 
1869 ;  Bolander.  On  Hemlock  Spruce,  Vermont,  Russell. 
On  the  same  bark,  as  also  on  rails  of  dead  White  Cedar,  and 
on  Pitch  l^ne  cones,  Massachusetts,  Willey.  Hemlock  bark. 
Western  New  York,  Miss  Mary  L.  Wilson. 

13.  B.  ElizoR,  Tuck. ;  thallus  effuse,  made  up  of  minute, 
scattered  or  crowded,  rounded,  greenish-glaucescent  granules, 
upon  a  white  hypothallus  ;  apothecia  small  to  minute  (0"""-, 
3-7)  aduate  and  immixt,  flat,  the  disk  orange-red,  at  length 
blackening  and  convex,  excluding  the  at  first  prominent,  thin, 
black  margin,  the  hypothecium  blackish-brown.  Spores 
ellipsoid,  bilocular,  9-15  by  4-7  mic,  the  paraphyses  agglu- 
tinate.  Oen.  p.  187.     Lecidea,  Svjyjd.  1,1.  c.  p.  428. 

On  Pine  bark.  South  Eastern  Virginia,  Tuckerman,  I.  c, 
1858.  On  Pine  bark,  Vermont,  Frost.  On  White  Cedar 
bark,  and  dead  wood,  Massachusetts,  Willey. 


{  I  Fuscescentes. 


V 


14.  B.  pullata.  Tuck. ;  thallus  rimose-areolate,  the  minute, 
angulate  areoles  more  or  less  concave  and  sub-crenate,  but 
passing  finally  into  a  close,  rugose-verrucose  crust,  dark- 


BUELLIA. 


97 


olivac«oa8-brown,  the  hypothallus  indistinct ;  apotfaecia  »mti\ 
(C""*-,  4-7)  gessile,  flat,  naked,  becoming  ant^latc  and  dif- 
form,  with  a  thin,  prominent  margin,  which  disappears  as  the 
disk  liecomes  Anally  tumid,  the  hyi>othecium  brownish-black. 

S|jores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  12-18  by  Ti-y  mic. the  para- 

physes  at  length  distinct,  and  brown-capitulate.— Z<icA. 
Calff.  p.  26. 

On  various  rooks,  coast  of  California  (Bolander)  Tucker- 
man,  I.  c.  1866. A  well-marked  lichen  :  but  B.  myriocarpa^ 

however  not  commonly  reckoned  a  member  of  the  brown  series, 
is  yet  asBociable  with  it,  and  sutUciently  various  ;  and  saxi- 
coline  states  of  the  latter  (MaHsachusctts)  if  we  nmy  not  also 
add  corticoline,  European  ones,  certainly  sugjiewt  that  the 
Californian  plant  may  be  only  a  pronounced  ( Pucific)  form 
of  the  same. 

15.  B.  myriocarpaj  (DC.)  Mudd ;  thallus  thin,  scurfy,  or 
compacted  at  length  into  a  rimulose,  becoming  sub-tartareous 
and  rugose-verrucose  crust,  greenish-aHlicoloured,  now  obso- 
lete ;  apothecia  minute,  from  tlat,  with  a  thin,  distinct  margin 
soon  convex  and  immarginate,  the  hypothecium  blackish- 
brown.     Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,   7-16  by  4-8  mic. 

Mudd  Man. p.  217.  Th'.  Fr.  Scaml. p.  .^9/).  Lecidea^  Nyl. 
Scand.  p.  237 ;  Lick.  Par.  n.  61.  L.  chloropolia^  Fr.  Summ. 
p.  115,  &  herb. 

b,  polyspora,  Willey  ;  spores  12-24  in  the  thekcs. 

On  trees  and  shrubs ;  and  conmion  also  on  dead  wood, 
stones,  &c.  Greenland,  {Vahl)  Th.  Fr.  I.  c.  1861.  Canada, 
Macoun.  New  England,  Tuckerman.  New  York,  Peck. 
New  Jersey,  Axiatin.  Illinois,  Hall.  Alabama,  Peters. 
Washington  Territory,  Suksdorf. b,  Massachusetts,  Wil- 
ley.  The  variety  should  be  compared  with  B.  dives,  Th. 

Fr.  Scand.  p.  594. The  hypothecium  of  what  is  otherwise 

referable  to  B.  myriocarpa  varies  much  now,  in  the  same 
specimen,  in  depth  of  colouration  ;  and  the  disk  is  also  now 
pallescent,  at  least  when  wet. 

16.  B.turgescens,  (Nyl.)  Tuck. ;  thallusareolate-vemicose, 
the  more  or  less  tumid  warts  crowded  at  length  into  a  sub- 


98 


BUELLIA. 


I'!-'    I 


fi«; 


I 


■■  ft 
■V* 


■-■':!.' -1:^ 


plicate  crust,  brownish-aahcolonred  commonly  a  little  nifes- 
cent  (and  pallescent)  the  hypothallus  obsolete ;  apothecia 
minute,  adnate  and  immixt,  flattish,  the  thin  margin  sub- 
persistent,  but  Anally  excluded,  the  hypothecium  and  para- 
physes  much  as  in  the  last.     Spores  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  9-14 

by  5-7  mic. Leddea^  Nyl.  in  lUt.  (nomen.)  BuelUa^  Tuck. 

Oen.  p.  187. 

On  dead  wood.  New  England,  common,  T^ickerman^  I.  c. 

1872. The  conspicuous  turgidity  subsides  at  length ;  and 

it  may  prove  doubtful  whether  to  refer  a  lichen  to  a  condition 
of  this,  or  of  B.  myriocarpa. 

17.  B.  Schoereri^  De  Not. ;  '^^hallus  sparse,  scurfy,  becom- 
ing minutely  granulose,  or  often  obsolete,  brownish-cineras- 
cent ;  apothecia  minute  and  very  minute,  flat,  the  disk  now 
papillate  and  plicate,  turgescentat  length  and  the  thin  margin 
disappearing,  the  hypothecium  brownish-black.  Spores  ellip- 
soid, bilocular,  8-11  by  8-4  mic. De  Not.  Fraiwm.  in 

Oiom.  ItcU.  1846,  p.  199.  Koerb.  Parerg.p.l92.  Lecidea 
nigrittUa,  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  238;  Lich.  Par.  n.  62. 

On  dead  wood.  White  Mountains,  Tuckermany  Gen.  1872. 
Oa  the  same,  Massachusetts,  Willey ;  and  New  Jersey,  Austin. 
Western  New  York,  Misa  Mary  L.  Wilson. 

18.  B.  coracina,  (Hoffm.,  Moug.)  Th.  Fr. ;  thallusrimulose- 
areolate,  or  the  areoles  at  length  verruculose  and  scattered, 
ashy-black  on  a  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  small,  appressed, 
the  disk  more  or  less  greenish-pruinose,  soon  convex  and  the 
uneven  margin  excluded,  the  hypothecium  brownish-black. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  not  uncommonly  and  now  mostly  simple  but 
at  length  bilocular,  dark-brown,  varying  much  in  size,  7-18 

by  5-10  mic. Lecidea,  Nyl.  Prodr.  GdU.p.  126;  Scand., 

p.  232;  &  in  Fellm.  Lich.  a^'ct.  n.  193.  Buellia  vwriopsis, 
Mass.,  Til.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  606. 

Alpine,  and  arctic  rocks.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman 
Oen.,  1872.  Chin  of  Mansfield,  Vermont,  Frost.  Arctic 
America,  Dr.  Kane. 

IX  t  OchrolewxB, 


b, 


,i<;,i...  :|!^ 


BUELUA. 


0»., 


'I .':        'll 


19.  J3.  CaloosensiK^  Tuck.  herb. ;  thallus  of  very  minute, 
globular,   more  or  less   heaiMid,   and  Anally  sub-confluent  . 
granules,  greenish-strawcoloured,  on  a  white  (blackening?) ' 
hyiM)thallus ;  apothecia  minute  (O""-,  3-5)  apprcssed,  thii', 
flat,  livid-blackening,  opake,  finally  a  little  convex,  and  the  ' 
thin  margin  diHapi)caring,  the  hypothecium  blackish-brown. 
SiMjres  ellipsoid,  bilocular,  7-12  by  3-5  mic. 

On  trees.      Caloosa  river,   Florida,   Austin.     Alabama^,*' 


Peters.    Texas, 
distinguish  it. 


Wright. The  colours,  and  small  sporeb. 


•  ■  * 


20.  B.  vemicoma.  Tuck. ;  thallus  of  minute,  rounded, 
scattered,  or  now  niore  or  Itss  crowded  and  confluent  granules  j ' 
passing  finally  into  a  rimulose  crust,  greenish-strawcoloured^ 
limited  more  or  less  by  the  blackening  hyiK>thallus ;  a{)othccia ' 
minute  (0™™-,  2-5)  appressed,  and  adnate,  thin,  flat,  the  disk" 
livid  and  blackening,  the  thin,  prominent,  persistent  margin 
at  length  flexuous-irregular,  the  hypothecium  blockish-brown.' 
Si)ores dactyloid,  4-locular,  12-16  by  4-5  mic,  the  paraphyses 
finally  loose. Oen.  p.  187.    Lecidea^  Suppl.  I,  I.  c.  p. 

429.  : 

On  various  rocks.    New  England  (Odkes)  Tuckcrman,  2. 
c.    1858.     New    Jersey,   Austin.    Pennsylvania,   Mictiener. 
South  Carolina,  Ravenel.    Alabama,  Peters.     Also  on  trees  ^ 
and  shi'ubs,  Massachusetts,  WUley. 

21.  h.  oidaleay  Tuck.;  thallus  contiguous,  from  thin, 
cartilagincous,  and  smoothish,  soon  rimulose,  thickened,  and 
rugose-verrucose,  yellowish-glaucescent,  limited  by  the  black 
hypothallus ;  apothecia  middling-sized  to  ample  (0™"-,  8-2""™) 
sessile,  the  disk  opake,  soon  tumid,  and  the  obtuse  margin 
early  excluded,  the  hypothecium  brownish-black.  Siwres 
from  solitary,  when  they  reach  46-88  by  18-24  mic,  occurring 
also  in  2%  3%  4%  5',  6",  and  8%  and  the  average  of  the  smaller 
spores  30  by  16  mic,  muriform-multilocular  (transverse 
series  of  cells  8-12,  longitudinal,  in  the  middle,  about  4)  the 

slender,   lax    paraphyses    brown-headed. Oen.  p.   189. 

Lecidea^  Obs.  Lick.  1^1.  c.  4,  p.  383. 

h^penichra^  Tuck. ;  thallus  white ;  apothecia  much  reduced. 


fik 


•TOO 


A 

... 

^Ih 

1 

1 

r 

II 

BUKLLIA. 


•H|N>r«H  (ill  A'  &  N')  not  itxcctHliiig  lR-2n  by  10-13  inic,  the 
jtransvcrHf  HoricH  of  cfllt*  only  4. lifielUa,  Tuck,  (hn.  I.e. 

"    Knrk  of  OnkM,  Culifornin  (  Wrhjht)  Tuckcriimii,  I.  <;.  IKCO. 
')'}pruc»  niid    riiic  liurk   in   tlic  Haiiin  Htnt<>,  Jinlander.      On 
;varioiiH  luirk,  Oregon,  Prof.  iYlRfrfc^rri/ //«//.— —I»,  on  Spriuio, 
YoHoniit<!  Vullry,  liohiHiler.     On  tlin  Bnim*,  WoHliinKton  Ter- 
ritory, Sukittlorf. TIiIm  iiiHtruutive  liclieii  liKiaiitifully  cx- 

hibitH  the  hiHtory  of  llu;  inuriforin  8i»oru. 

•*•  lihixocarpoH.  Thnlhin  uniform;  hut  the  areohn 
'pOMHing  into  H(/na7niilp,H  in  n.  20.  SjHtreM  verif  mmnionly  and 
'now  jterHiHtenthi  dceotorate,  Hurrouwted  by  a  halo,  novf  nhort- 
elUpHoid  and  bHot'ular  (n.  22,  2't)  and  now  more  obloiuj  and 
■  4-locular,  iHindnij  into  mnriform-multilocular. 

22.  Ji.  HittokenHin,  Ilcllb.  ;  ^MliiilluH  conHtitiittMl  of  «Hh- 
'ort'te,  Hiib-orl>ieiilnr,  thittiHli,  or  coinnionly  uoncuve  nreoleM, 

tlie  edf^uH  of  which  are  raiHed  atxl  often  wliite-powdery,  dark- 
'brown  wlien  dry  and  olivaeeouM-lrown  when  tnoiHt,  and  Hcat- 

t(*red  over  a  black  liypotlialliiH  ;  apothecia  tubiate  or  HeHHile, 
'  naked,  Um^  and  peiHiHtcntly  flat,  and  thinly  inarginate,  but 

at  leiif^th  collV(^\  and  iinniarp;iiiate,thehy|H>theeiuinbrowniHh- 

black.     Spores   obtMHe-ellipHoid,    bilocnlar,    23-30  by  12-10 

mio."     lihixomrjion^  Th.  Fr.  iScand.  p.  (ilti. 

RockH,  ("ape  York,  Arctic  America,  '  sterile,  bnt  the  deter- 
mination certain',  Th.  Fr.  in  Jonru.  Ijinn.  8oc.  Lond.  17,  p. 
864,  187D. 

28.  B.  vollndcnn,  (Nyl.)  ;  thalliiH  of  ininnte,  deprewfled 
arcoles,  which  are  now  scattered,  bnt  more  often  crowded 
together  into  a  close,  thin,  rimnlose-rngnlose  crust,  brownish- 
ashcolonrcd,  and  gray,  limited  l)y  the  black  hypothallus ; 
apothecia  small  to  middling-sized,  siib-sessilc.  flat,  naked, 
with  a  thin,  elevated  margin,  the  hypothccium  blackish-brown. 
Spores  ellipsoid,  bilc«cular,  14-2.'i  by  7-12  niic,  mostly  colour- 
less or  nearly  so. Lecidea  atro-aiba,  v.  chloroapora,  Nyl. 

Scand.  p.   233.    Buellia    atro-alba,    Tuck.    Qen.  p.   186y 
omnino. 

Rocks,  common.  New  England,  Ihickerman.  Canada, 
A.    T.   Drummond.      PcunBylvania,   Michener.       Virginia, 


i-t- 


m 


■k:i. 


BITKUJA. 


101 


Curth. Flr»t  Hf>|)nrnt<><l  l»y  Nyliinih'r.     Frirn  (tiiitinfpiiHhcd 

In  liiH  Itfntlea  ntro-nltm  n  v,  apjtiniuitn  for  wliifli  \u>  viU't\  liiii 
Lii'h.  Sun'.  II.  ',\Hi  {Summ.  p.  11«;.)  Hut  tliiM  N|MTiin<>ii 
oov«'n'<|  twji  forrim — H,  &  (' — which  now  prove,  lUToniin);  to 
Dr.  Th.  Fri«'M  (SnniU.  in  Uh.)  to  n*liit«'  to  iliHtinrt  H)H>C!i<>ii, 
uiiil  it  ciiii  hnnlly  then  Ih'  iim«h'  to  Hiip|M>rt  the  ^*  Jihizoearjmm 
affjilanatum  (Kr.)"  of  Th.  Kr.  Smud.  p.  (JIM  ;  even  Hiip|Hwiiig 
that  tlie  uiithor  Ity  whom  it  Ih  thiiH  pro|M>He<l  to  Hiipphint  tho 
retil  (U'teriniiier  of  Ji,  eoltmleiiH,  had  not  dlMtinetly  precluded 
Hiich  UMc  of  hiH  naiiiu. 

24.  Ji.  bwlio-atra,  (Fl.,  Scha-r.)  Km'rb. ;  thnUuH  tartar- 
eouH,  areohite,  the  areolcH  for  tlie  iiumt  part  convex  and 
wartlike,  m'uttered  on  the  Idaek  liypoilialluH  or  now  crowded, 
opake,  more  or  Ichh  lirown  now  rufeHcent,  ami  now  Kray ; 
apothecia  Hinall  to  nii<hllin};-Hi/ed,  apprcHHed  and  adnat<s 
tIattiHh,  naked,  the  iiiar^in  olttiiHe,  tlH>  hypotheciiim  blackiHh- 
hrown.     SporcH  ellipHoid,  bil<K'nlar,  "  27-.'HI  i,y  ll-l«"  mic. 

Koerh.  Sif.'it.  p.  22it.     Aiiz.  Ilnl.  n.  2i)l ;  Lang.  n.  101. 

Ledtim^  Ni/l.  lilu'zonu'jton,  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  (Jl.'t. 

UockH  in  alpine  and  arctic  re^iotiH.  (ireenlaiid  (Vahl) 
Th.  Fr.  /.  c,  IHfil.  Otherwiwe  unknown  aw  yet  to  uh,  unleHS 
poMHibly  ill  a  condition  ( ?)  coimpicuouH  for  itH  nearly  black, 
HUiuoth,  convex  are«»leH,  but  not  otherwiwe  very  different, 
fouiui  once  by  Mr.  Willey  in  the  foreHt-reffion  of  the  White 
MountaiiiH.  The  Kuropean  lichen  (an  exhibited  in  Apk.  n. 
21)1,  from  which  it  ih  ditliciilt  to  neparate  Hepp  n.  M)  agrees 
however,  in  external  featiiren,  so  nearly  with  common  Btateo 
of  the  specieH  next  following,  that  it  may  well  be  paHMedover 
for  the  latter. 

2o.  B.  petnea,  (Flot.,  Koerb.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallns  Hiib- 
tartareoiiH,  from  contiguoiiH  and  cliinky  becoming  rimoMc- 
areolate,  or  now  from  the  first  verrncoHe,  browniHh  at  length 
blackiHh-gray,  the  blackening  hypothalliis  often  indlHtinct; 
apothecia  from  minute  at  length  middling,  for  the  most  part 
innate  and  adnate,  flat,  with  a  thin,  elevated  margin  which  is 
finally  excluded,  the  hypothccium  brown.  SiM>re8  (in  4', 
and  8')  oblong-ellipHuid,  from  4-locular  at  length  muriform- 
multilocular,  and  from  colourleHS  at  length  blackiuh-brown, 

24-40  by  8-18  mic. Ithizocarpon,  Koerb.  JSyat.  p.  260. 

Lecidea^  Nyl.  Scand.  2>.  233. 


wt 


I 


102 


BURLLIA. 


T     I, 


I1:  ^'^ 
II'  '•  i.'i 


i  ;^. 


b,  ffratuUti,  Plocrk. ;  vc>rriic<MM>-arcolato,  tnn  aroolcs  tumid, 
from  aNliculoiircd  niorv  ur  Iumh  violtu-ttoim-bruwniHh,  Hcatternl 
U|>on  thu  coiiHpiciioUM  binok  hyitotlialliiH,  ur  urowdeil ;    thi; 

a|M>th«cia    iininixt. Koerb.   I.   c.    Zwackh    exH.   n.    L'i2. 

Rhizocarpon  grandc^  Am.  Th.  Fr.  ScanU.  p.  024.  Lecideu 
cUro-alba^  Fr.  Lich.  JSuec.  n.  400 ^  B. 

c,  Montiujuifi y  Tuck. ;  thalhiH  of  the  preeedinp  variety ; 
of  which  thit)  ih  a  condition  witli  H|>oreH  either  Holitary,  or  in 
two8  in  tlie  thekes,  and  i>ro|M)rtionntely  larger,  or  24-r>4  by 

18-30   mic,   and   more. Tuck.    (ien.    p.    190.      Lecidea 

MoHtagruKi^  Flot.  in  Koerb.  Stjttt.  p.  258 ;  Ifepp,  n.  309;  & 
L.  gemiiMta^  Flot.  I.  c.  j).  250.  L.  atro-eUba^  a,  Fr.  Lich. 
Suec.  n.  400 J  A. 

d,  albinea^  Tuck,  in  litt. ;  t!ialluH  thickiHh,  riniosc-areolate, 
the  coarac  areolen  flattened,  diH|)oBed  in  denne  clonipM  ui>on 
tlie  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  Hub-seHuile,  often  pHeudo- 
lecanorinc,  soon  and  connnoidy  convex. 

Common  throu{^hout  our  territory,  on  rocks,  and  now  also 
on  dead  woml,  and  very  variable.  Greenland  {Void)  Th. 
Fr.  1.  c.  18G1.  Canada,  A.  T.  Drummond.  New  England, 
Tuckerman.      And,   following   the    mountains,   southward, 

Carolina,  Curtis.     California,  Bolander. b  has  the  same 

range, and  c  also,  the  locality  of  the  Kocky  Mountains 

(Ilayden)  being  added  for  the  latter. d,  is  common,  and 

conspicuous  from  New  England  to  Virginia,  Tnckerman. 
Ix)nger  study  of  the  European  lichen  has  led  to  the  distinction, 
with  more  or  less  clearness,  of  other  forms,  with  litvle  doubt 
to  be  determined  also  here. 

25  (e)  B.  Oederit  (Ach.)  Br.  &  Rostr. ;  thallus  of  minute 
areoles  which  are  either  flattened  and  at  length  crowded  into 
a  rimulosc  crust,  or  verruculose,  rusty-red,  the  hy[>othallus 
obsolete ;  apothecia  minute,  innate-sessile,  angulate,  flattish, 
the  disk  papillate  and  sub-plicate,  the  prominent  margin  more 
commonly  persistent,  the  hypothecium  brown.  Spores  ob- 
long-ellipsoid, colourless,  4-locular,  12-20  by  6-10  mic. 

Lecidea^  Nyl.  Scand.  j).  234.  Rhizocarpon,  Koerb.  Parerg. 
p.  232.  Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  020.  Lecidea  atro-alba,  v.  oxy- 
dcUa,  Ff.  Lich.  Suec.  n.  384. 


Ill' 


i'  ,'11 


m-ELLIA. 


IM 


Alpine  ami  arctic  rnckft,  anil  in  lower  re{i^ons  in  high 
mountains.  C;reenlan<l  {Vaitl)  Th.  Kr.  I.  c.  1801.  White 
MountainH,  and  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  Tuckerman. 

20.  B.  Iinland«ri^  Tiick. ;  thalluR  efTnHC,  flqnrmnloae- 
areolatc,  the  niniitc  wiuamuleH  cartilnKineotiB,  originally 
ronndcil,  concave,  soon  lol)e(l,  the  elevated  margins  black 
beneath ;  a]X)thecia  small  to  almost  miiUlling,  sessile,  plano- 
convex, the  opake  disk  Anally  turgid,  and  scabrouH,  and  the 
obtuse  margin  diHapi)earing,  the  hy|H>thecium  brownish-black. 
8i)orcs  solitary,  or  in  2',  or  4'  in  the  thekes,  ellipsoid,  muri- 
form-multilocular  (the  transverse  series  of  cells  8-12,  the 
longitudinal  4-r>)  from  pale  at  length  blackening,  surrounded 
by  a  dense  halo,  dO-fiO  l)y  20-2.'>  mic. ;  the  conglutinate  para- 
physes  blackish-brown  alnivc.  Spermatia  staiTsha{)ed,  8-12 
mic.  long. Oen.  p.  ISO. 

b,  stUphurosttj  Tuck,  lierb.;  squamules  sulphur-coloured 
within. 

Rocks,  coast  of  California  {Bolnnder)  Tuckerman,  /.  c. 
1872.  Alpine  county,  Cttl.,Xa7)Aam .  Oregon, //a//.  Wash- 
ington Terr.,  Sukadorf. b,  Oregon,  Cudck, 


27.  B.  ffeoffraphica,  (L.)  Tuck. ;  thallus  sub-tartareous, 
the  areolcs  either  flattened  and  dispersed,  mostly  in  clumps, 
or  crowded  together  into  a  chinky  crust  (f.  contigua)  or  ver- 
rucosc,  greenish  to  bright-yellow,  uiion  a  black  hypothallus  ; 
apothccia  small,  commonly  crowded  together  in  groups  and 
thus  angulate,  between  the  areolcs  which  they  scarcely  surpass, 
with  flat  disk,  and  thin,  rather  prominent  margin,  or  the  disk 
now  convex  and  excluding  the  margin,  the  hyiK>thecium 
brownish-black.  Spores  irregularly  ellipsoid,  from  2-4-locu- 
lar  and  pallescent,  blackening  at  length  and  niuriform-pluri- 

locular,  17-40  by  9-16  mic. Leciden,  Schter.  Spicil.p.  124. 

Fr.  L.  E.  p.  320.     Nyl.  Scand.  p.  248.     Ehizocarpon,  DC. 
Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  622. 

b,  lecanorinay  Flocrk. ;  arcoles  scattered,  tumid ;  apothecia 

immersed   in   the   areolcs,  and  so   bordered   by  them. 

Koerb.  Syat.  p.  263.     Th.  Fr.  I.  c. 


104 


BUELLIA. 


Rocks  in  alpine  and  arctic  regions ;  and  now  also  in  lower 
Arctic  America  (JiichardHon)  Hooker,  I.  c,  1823.  Newfound- 
land, Pylaie.  Canada,  A.  T.  Druminond.  New  England, 
in  the  northern  mountains,  and  descending  to  the  coast  of 
Maine,  and  to  Sugarloaf,  Deerfleld,  Mass.,  Tuckerman. 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  Buckley.  Rocky  Mountains, 
BrandeffKe.     California,    Bolander.     ()r»'gon,   Ilall.     Wash- 

ingt.  n  Terr.,  Suksdorf. 1>,  Island  of  (jlrand  Manan,  N.  B., 

Wiley ;  and  very  marked  in  California,  //.  Mann. 

27  (c)  B.  alpicola^  (Wahl..  pro.  p.)  Anz. ;  areoles  as  in 
B.  (jeograpMca,  but  larger  and  much  in  dense  clumps ;  apo- 
thecia  middling-sized,  soon  elevated  and  from  aduate  sub- 
sessile,  at  length  coiivex.     Spores  short-ellipsoid,  bilocular, 

brown,   10-lH  i»y  7-i>  mic. Lscidea,  Nyl.  Prodr.  ]).  142. 

Scnvd.  p.  247,  Bnellia,  Anz.  Catal.  Sondr.  p.  90.  Lecidea 
geographical  v.  aljticola,  Schmr.,  Fr.,  Koerb.^  &  Auctt.  pL, 
pro  p.     Ithizocarjwa  chionojyhilum,  Th.  Fr.  Scawl.  p.  6.12. 

Alpine  and  arctic  rocks.  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman^ 
Gen.   1872.     Arctic  America,  Th.  Fr.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 

Loud. The  lichen  of  the  White  Mountains,  which  only 

occurs  in  the  iiighest  region,  contrasts  conspicuously  with  the 
condition  of  B.  geographica  with  which  it  grows,  in  the  brigliter 
colour  of  its  determinate  patches,  the  flat  areoles  of  which 
are  twice  larger,  as  in  th"  soon  protiiberant  and  equally 
larger  fruit.  In  a  plant  from  the  Sierra  Neva<la,  alt.  7000 
ft.,  Cal.,  Lapham^  the  more  scattered  areoles  are  less  easily 
distinguishaiOe,  but  the  prominent,  now  seHwile,  often  obtusely 
nmrgiuate  apofhecia  contrast  sufficiently  with  the  detruded 
fruit  with  exceedingly  thin  margin  of  B.  geographica  proper. 
As  described,  and  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  the  spores  of 
the  Europeaii  B.  alpicola  are  larger  than  ,.i  our  plants,  which 
best  agree  in  this  respect  with  the  f.  microHpora,  Nyl.  Prodr. 
I.  c,  notod  as  occiuring  iu  Arctic  America,  by  Dr.  Fries 
(Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  Loud.  I.  c.) 

Pa  r  a  si  tic  Bnellin',.  Lichens  more  or  less  clearly  refer- 
able here,  and  brought  together  for  convenience  of  reference. 


\  Spores  biloctilar. 


BUELLIA. 


105 


28.  B.  »ax(Uiii»f  (Schaer.)  Koerb. ;  thallus  foreign;  apo- 
thecia  minute,  sessile,  flat,  black,  the  (MhIc  opakc,  with  an 
elevated,  persistent  niar}(in,  the  hy(M)theciun)  brownish-black. 
S|)ore8  ellipsoid,  U-ll   by  5-7  niic,  the  paraphyses  at  length 

distinct,  with  thickened,  brown  tips. Koerb.  JSyat.  p.  22^. 

Anz.  Lang.  n.  198.     Th.  Fr.  JScand,  p.  601.     Lecidea,  Nyl. 
Scand.  p.  287. 

Upon  the  thnllus  of  Bivnmyces  hyssoides,  on  talcose  schist, 
Vermont,  {Front)  Tuckerman  Gen.  1872.  Found  but  once, 
and  the  material  before  me  is  small ;  but  no  important  differ- 
ence from  the  European  lichiMi  (especially  Schier.  Ilelv.,  n. 
240 ;  Zav.  Ex8.  n.  140)  appcjirs,  unless  that  the  paraphyses 
in  ours  answer  perhaps  better,  so  far  as  seen,  to  those  of 
Lecidea  allotJiallina,  Nyl.,  Add.  in  Flora,  1881,  p.  188 
(liuelUa  athnUina,  (Naeg.)  Miill.  t'lassif.  p,  ()4)  as  iiescribed  ; 
but  this  last  is  at  any  rate  very  close  to  Scha'rer's  piant. 

21).  B.  iw/uHina,  Tuck. ;  thallus  foreign  ;  ajxjtheciu  small 
(0"""-,  5-8)  soon  sessile,  a  little  elevated,  flat,  brownisli- 
black,  the  disk  rough,  the  thickisli,  prominent  margin  persis- 
tent, the  hypothecium  blackish-brown.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
dark-brown,  10-lfi  by  G-8  mic,  the  paraphyses  finally  distinct, 
brown-headed. Lich.  Calif.  Append,  p.  32. 

Upon  the  thallus  of  Pertusnrke.  Pennsylvania,  Tucker- 
man, I.  c.  1866.     North  Carolina,  Curtis.     South  Carolina, 

Ravenel.     Texas,  Wright. Reaction  with  Iodine  deep-blue. 

With  little  doubt  the  Calicium  Htigonellum,  IMuhl.  Catal. 

a  lichen  otherwise  unknown  to  us,  is  to  be  referred  here. 


30.  B.  scabrcHa,  (Ach.)  Koerb.  ;  thallus  foreign,  but  the 
colour  of  it  changed,  and  commonly  to  greenish-yellow  :  apo- 
thecia  small,  soon  and  for  the  most  part  convex,  and  the  thin 
margin  excluded,  opake,  at  length  crowded  together  and 
confluent,  concolorous  within,  the  hypotheci.im  blackish- 
brown.     Spores  ellipsoid,  12-15  by  6-8  mic. Koerb.  Syst. 

p.  227.     Anz.  Lanyob.  n.  205.     Lecidea,  Ach.  Meth.  ]>.  48. 
Nyl.  Scand.  j).  247. 

On  the  thiillus  of  Btjeomyceit  hysmidett,  and  B.  placophyllus, 
and  said  also  to  occur  ^  on  the  earth  and  on  rocks ',  in  alpine 


106 


BUELLIA. 


and  arctic  regions.  Greenland  (Vahl)  Th.  Fr.  I.  c,  1861. 
Sought  in  vain  in  our  alpine  districts,  where  the  similarly 
coloured  Lecidea  flavo-vire jcens  is  common.  The  pretentis 
called  rare  in  Europe  (Nyl.,  Stizenb.) 

31.  B.  Trypethelii,  Tuck.  Jierb. ;  thallus  foreign ;  apothecia 
minute  (0"""-,  2-4)  rounded  or  often  oblong-difform,  sessile, 
flat  or  a  little  convex  and  the  thin  margin  disappearing,  opake, 
the  hypothecium  blackish-brown.  Spores  in  saccate  thekes, 
oblong-ovoid  and  constricted  at  the  middle  (soleseform)  brown, 
17  by  8  niic,  the  paraphyses  distinct,  jointed,  capitulate. 

Upon    Trtfpethelium   Carol inianum^  Tuckerm.,  on    bark, 

Florida,  A.  II.  Curtiss  in   herb.   Sprague. Only  a  red 

reaction  ^ith  iodine  observed,  and  that  confined  to  gravid 

thekes. 

32.  B.  mmimula,  Tuck.  herb. ;  thallus  foreign ;  apothecia 
exceedingly  minute  (from  less  than  0"""-,  1,  not  much  sur- 
passing this  figure  in  width)  appressed,  flat,  the  thin  margin 
scarcely  exceeding  the  disk,  and  finally  excluded,  the  hypo- 
thecium brown.  Spores  oblong-ovoid  (soleseform)  dilutely 
coloured  or  colourless,  14-16  by  5-7  mic. the  few  para- 
physes loose. 

On  the  thallus  of  a  Pertuaaria?  Florida,  Austin.  The 
reaction  with  iodine  as  in  the  next  preceding,  of  which  this 
may  prove  to  be  only  a  small  form. 

33.  B.  Parmeliarum,  (Sommerf.)  ;  thallus  foreign,  but 
deformed  (more  or  less)  by  the  parasite,  and  passing  thus 
into  small  tufts  of  commonly  cucuUate  lobules  varyicj?  also 
in  colour;  apothecia  minute,  convex,  immarginate,  black, 
opake,  the  hyiwthecium  blackish-brown.  Spores  oblong- 
ovoid  (solea.'form)  10-15  by  4-6  mic. Lecidea^  Sanmerf. 

Suppl.  p.  176.  Stizenb.  Lich.  Ilelv.  p.  214.  AbroihalXus 
parasiticus^  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  246.  A.  Smithii,  A.  Weluntcschii^ 
&  A.  microapervms,  Tul.  Mem.  Lich.  pp.  113-115,  t.  16,  f. 
22-20,  fide  Nyl.  A.  Smithii,  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  216.  Mudd 
Man.  p.  224. 

Upon  the  thallus  of  Parmelia  saxatUis,  P.  oKvtcea,  and 
other  foliaeeous  lichens.     New  England,  Tuckerman,  WiUey ; 


hi 


i 


BUELLIA. 


107 


&c.,  not  rare.  On  P.  scucatUia,  Oregon,  Hall.  On  Cetraria 
Fahiunenais^  Islands  of  Behrinp's  Straits  (but  the  spores  not 
seen)  Wright.  The  plant  shows  no  lichenose  reaction  with 
iodine,  but  is  scarcely  more  abnormal  than  Biatora  (yxyapora 
(Tul.)  significantly  agreeing  with  the  present  in  its  extraor- 
dinary action  on  the  matrix,  which  does. 

X  t  Spores  normally  4-locnlar. 

34.  B.  paraftUica^  (Fl.)  Th.  Fr. ;  thallus  foreign  ;  apothe- 
cia  minute,  sessile,  flat,  or  at  length  a  little  convex,  naked, 
with  a  regular,  thin  margin,  the  hypothecium  blackish-brown. 

Spores  ellipsoid  and  oblong,  4-locular,  9-18  by  3-6  mic. 

Lecideay  Nyl.  Prodr.  p.  144;  Lich.  Par.  n.  68.  Dactylo- 
^pora^  Koerb.  Syst.  p.  271 . 

On  the  thallus  and  apothecia  of  Lecanora  pcUlescenSy  and 
Pertuaaria  sp.,  California  {Bolander)  Tuckerman  Oen.  1872. 

Oregon,  HcUl. This  is  the  type  of  a  number  of  minute 

apothecia,  varying  a  little  from  it,  which  are  now  (not 
wholly  without  hesitation)  separated  specifically  by  writers 
on  the  arctic  Flore.     Several  of  these  are  reckoned  beiow. 

35.  B.  urceokUa,  Th.  Fr. ;  '^ thallus  foreign;  apothecia 
minute,  the  disk  at  first  deeply  urceolate  ('  ofteuer  gyalectoid,' 
Nyl.)  then  concave,  with  a  prominent,  thickish,  somewhat 
constricted  margin,  black,  naked,  blackish  or  black  within, 
the  hypothecium  brownish-black.  Spores  narrow-oblong, 
obtuse,  normally  4-locular  (but  now  occurring  also  5-8-locular) 
14-18  by  4-6  mic. ;"  Th.  Fr.  I.  infra  c;  "  Spores  15-23  by 

5-6  mic,  the  paraphyses  not  distinct,"  Nyl.  infra  c. Th. 

Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  p.  234.  Lecidea  sociella,  Nyl.  Lapp.  Or.  p. 
165. 

Upon  the  thallus  of  various  lichens,  Greenland  ( Vuhl)  Th. 

Fr.  I.  c.  1861. From  this  species,  L.  attendenda,  Nyl.,  I. 

c.  p.  186,  an  inhabitant  of  the  thallus  of  Pilophorus  cereolusy 
V.  Fibula  (but  not  yet  observed  here)  is  said  to  differ  in  a 
less  dark  hypothecium,  and  slightly  smaller  spores,  which 
also  become  more  than  4-locular.  And  from  this  is  separated 
an  "  exceedingly  close-related "  L.  jiarasitvla^  Nyl.  I.  c, 
found  on  PUopkorv^  cereolus,  v.   robtistus,   in  islands  of 


108 


BUELLIA. 


Behring's  Straits,  Wright,  by  yet  smaller  and  ellipsoid  spores, 
9-14  by  5-6  mic,  but  reason  scarcely  appears  for  distinguish- 
ing this  from  the  B.  paralitica  of  the  west  coast. 

36.  B.  glaucomaria,  (Nyl.) ;  '^thallus  foreign;  a|x)tbecia 
superficial,  small,  flat,  with  thickish,  somewhat  rugulose 
margin,  black  within,  now  heaped,  the  hypothecium  brownish- 
black.     Spores  oblong-ovoid,  4-locular,   from  colourless  at 

length  brown,  21-25  by  8-9  mic." Lecidea,  Nyl.  Scand.}). 

245. 

On  the  thallus  of  Lecanora  glaucoma,  Greenland,  Stizen- 

berger  Index  Ilyperh.  1876. Small,  flat,  black  apothecia, 

the  thickish  persistent  margin  of  which  is  strongly  rugulose, 
have  occurred  here  on  Lecanora  tarlarea  (New  Bedford,  nom. 
Bnellia  glaucomarioides,  Willey  herb.)  and  should  agree  closely 
with  the  present  speciob  (as  described)  except  that  the  more 
ellipsoid  spores  hardly  exceed  12-16  by  5-7  mic. 

37.  B.  Pertusaricola,  Willey,  Jierb. ;  thallus  foreign ;  apo- 
thecia minute  (scarcely  reaching  0™"*-,  5  in  width)  innate  and 
adnate,  concave,  the  thick  margin  persistent,  the  hypothecium 
blackish-brown.  Spores  30-50  in  the  thekes,  2-4-locular, 
brown,  5-7^  by  2\  mic. ;  the  paraphyses  distinct  at  length, 
incrassated  and  brown  above. 

On  the  thallus  of  Pertusaria  communis,  saxicola,  Wey- 
mouth and  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey. 


i;ii  • 


I  1 '' 


Tribe   III ORAPHIDACBI,   Eschw.,  Nyl. 

Apothecia  diffoiin,  nomially  o}>long  or  lengthwiwe 
extended  (lirellwfonn)  but  reverting  also  to  rounded, 
bordered  by  a  proper  exciple,  which  is  crowned  in  some 
large  groups  by  an  accessory  thalline  one,  or,  in  others, 
disappears. 

We  reach,  in  Graphidacei,  the  division,  in  our  view 
of  lichenose  vegetation,  where  thalline  features,  except 
now  in  extraordinary  relation  to  the  apotheciuui,  are 
least  conspicuous.  No  lobed,  or,  still  less,  branched 
conditions  signalize  this  tribe ;  and,  in  a  large  propor- 
tion of  species,  the  thallus  is  so  far  reduced* as  to  appear 
often  deficient.  The  type  is  then,  with  all  its  luxuriance 
of  apothecial  development,  a  degraded  one ;  but  it 
attains,  at  the  same  time,  to  an  unexpected  distinction 
in  its  gonimous  system,  which,  not  wholly  without 
exception  (namely  the  very  few  species  of  Opegrapha 
of  the  elder  lichenographers  now  brought  together  in 
Lithographay  Nyl.  in  Leight.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  3fi0,  and 
the  more  distinct  Xylographa^  Fr.)  and  with  whatever 
difficulty  satisfactorily  definable,  exhibits  itself  in  neck- 
lace-like-connected series  of  cells  largely  also  distin- 
guishable in  colour,  suggesting  the  stmcture  of  the  Alga 
ChroolepuSy  Ag.  We  are  here  however  considering 
Lichens  from  the  point  of  view  of  their  fruit-characters  ; 
and  are  precluded,  too,  fi'om  laying  hastly  stress  on  the 
peculiarities  of  Graphidaceous  gonidia  by  the  fact  that 
similar  gonidial  structure  is  known  to  occur  in  Lecano- 
reirs  groups  (Gi/alecta  lutea,  &c.,  =  Btatorinopsis, 
Mull.,  but  the  structure  in  question  is  certainly  not  con- 
fined to  the  ?2t/ca-group  of  Gyalecta^  and  is  still  but 
imperfectly  determined)  where  it  is  difficult  to  hesitate 
rather  to  subordinate  it,  than  force  the  plants  slowing 
it  into  a  wholly  unnatural  association  with  Graphis. 


no 


GRAPHIDACEI. 


The  tribe  (upon  which  the  obHervatioiw  in  the  writer's 
Genera^  p.  192,  may  be  compared) — only  Hparinjrl.v 
represented  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  earth  —  finds 
its  type  and  real  explanation  in  the  central  family  Ope- 
graphei'i  a»d  there  in  the  vast  tropical  genus  Graphi.'i, 
for  the  illustration  of  which  we  owe  almost  everything 
to  Nylander ;  and  the  other  Families  conveniently  (at 
least  in  the  present  condition  of  knowledge)  group 
themselves  on  either  side.  But  the  North  American 
Flora  includes  tropical  regions,  and  even  the  United 
States  Flora  sub-tropical ;  and  we  thus  have  already 
some,  and  may  look  for  many  more,  unfamiliar  natives 
of  the  hot  countries  to  illustrate  our  northern  represen- 
tatives of  the  Graphidaceous  type,  and  condition  our 
estimates  of  it.  The  systematic  presentation  of  these 
sub-tropical  Graphidacei  is  made  however  exceedingly 
difficult  by  the  still  imperfect  state  of  our  knowledge 
concerning  them  :  a  remark  which  holds  good  not  merely 
of  our  United  States  lichens,  but  also  of  those  of  the 
West  Indies,  and  of  Equatorial  America,  upon  which 
the  illustrious  European  lichenogra})her  last-named  has 
thrown  already  such  abundant  light. 


Fam.  1.— XYLOGRAPHEI. 


Thallus  innate  in  the  matrix  (hypophlaeous)  and  only 
exceptionally  superficial ;  the  gonimous  system  consti- 
tuted of  bright-green  (ordinary)  gonidia.  Apotheeia 
from  more  or  less  rounded  soon  and  commonly  oblong, 
and  lirelheform ;  pale,  and  blackening.  The  family  is 
understood  here  as  including  only  Agyrium  and  Xylo- 
grapha. 


AGYRIUM. 


Ill 


[» writer's 
){>uriiigly 
\i  —  finds 
lily  Ope- 
Graphin, 
erytliinj? 
ently  (at 

American 
B  United 
!  already 
ir  natives 
represen- 
ition  our 
of  these 

.•eedinjriy 
iiowledjfe 
[>t  merely 
se  of  the 
\)n  whieh 
mied  has 


ind  only 

consti- 

)()thecia 

oblong, 

amily  is 

d  Xi/lo- 


LII. ^AGYRIUM,   (Fr.)   Nyl. 

Apotheeiu  more  or  leHs  rounded  becoming  oblong; 
softish  ;  reddish.     Spores  ellipsoid,  simple,  decolorate, 

or  reddish.     Thallus  hypophla.>ous. This  type,  and 

Xyloyrapha^  were  reckoned  among  Discomycetes  by 
Fries,  who  did  not  even  place  them  togetlier  (Summ. 
Veg.  iScand.)  but  Coemans,  than  whom  no  one  has  done 
so  much  to  explain  both,  has  no  difficulty  in  allowing 
(/.  in/i'a  cil. )  a  close  affinity  between  them,  in  which 
lichenologists  generally  appear  to  be  agreed  ;  only  Dr. 
Th.  Fries  {Lick.  Scand.,  p,  634)  dissenting,  and 
rejecting  Agyrium  to  Fungi. 

1.  A.  nifum,  (Pers.)  Fr. ;  thallus  indicated  more  or  less 
by  a  pale  spot ;  apothecia  (0,  2-7  millim.  wide)  innate-sessile, 
from  flnttisli,  when  a  paler  margin  -  is  sometimes  indicated, 
soon  convex  and  immarginate ;  bright  to  dark  (commonly 
rusty)   rufous  and  blackening.     Spores  10-18  by  6-8  mic, 

the   paraphyses   indistinct. F)'    Syst.  Myc,  2,  p.  232. 

Nyl.  Prodr.  p.  148;  Scatid.  p.  2o0.  doem.  Not.  p.  19. 
Tnckerm.  Gen.  p.  225.  Minks,  Morph.  Stud,  in  Flora,  1880^ 
p.  34.      Wainio  Adjiv    2,  p.  147.     Stidia,  Pers. 

On  dead  wood,  as  on  stems  of  Osmnnda,  New  Bedford, 
(  Willey)  Tuckerraan,  /.  o.  1872.  Elsewhere  in  New  England, 
not  rare,  Willey.     Texas,  E.  Hail.     Washington  Territory, 

Snksdorf. Reaction  of  the  hymenium  with  iodine,  blue. 

The  plant  is  commonly  placed  here  by  lichenologists ; 

Dr.  Th.  Fries  disseuting  {Lick.  Scand.)  and  rejecting  it  to 
Fungi. 

2.  A.  carneolum,  Tuckerm.  in  litt. ;  thallus  hypophlaeous ; 
apothecia  (of  the  size  of  those  of  1 )  appressed  ;  from  a  little 
concave  becoming  fiat ;  ovoid-ellipsoid ;  pale-fleshcoloured, 
and  brownish.  Spores  rounded  and  ellipsoid  ;  the  larger  ones 
G-13  by  G-11  mic.  ;  the  paraphyses  indistinct. 

On  dead  wood,  Washington  Territory,  Suksdorf.  Only  a 
single  specimen  seen,  but  the  lichen  appearing  well-distin- 
guished. 


m 


wms 


112 


XYLOORAPHA. 


LIU.  — XYLOGRAPHA,   Fr. 

Apotliecia  an^1at«-pat<^Ilrefonn  paHsing  into  1irella>- 
fonn ;  the  exciplo  HoftiHh ;  and  more  or  Ichm,  at  leant 
originally,  pale.  Spores  ellipsoid  ;  simple  ;  decolorate. 
Spermatia  acicular,  on  simple  sterigmos.  Thallus  as 
alK)ve. 

Recedent  from  the  Tril>e  in  the  gonidia,  but  l>elong- 
ing  to  it  by  its  fruit-character ;  and  the  lichens  referred 
here  cannot  naturally  be  looked  for  anywhere  else  in 
the  Class. 

1.  X.  parcUlela,  (Ach.)  Fr. ;  thallus  hypophlaeons ;  apo- 
thecia  innate  (surpassing  O"""-,  5  in  length,  and  O""™*,  2  in 
width)  lanceolate  and  linear,  acuminate ;  disposed  parallelly ; 
the  thin,  elevated  margin  finally  disappearing,  and  leaving  a 
fiat  disk,  black  (now  bro\^n)  the  hypothecium  without  colour, 
as  in  the  other  species.     Spores  ellipsoid,  10-16  by  5-7  mic, 

the  slender  paraphyses  at  length  distinct. Coem.  Not.  p. 

16.  Nyl.  Scand.  p.  250;  &  in  Fellm.  Lich.  Fenn.  n.  205. 
Th.  Fr.  Scand.  p.  638.  Minks  in  Flora,  1S80,  p.  42. 
Wainio  Adjiiv.,  2,  p.  147.  Opegrapha^  Ach.  Hysteriuviy 
Wdhl.  Stictia,  Cord. 

On  dead  wood.  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  ( WiUey) 
Tuckerman,  Gen.  1872.  Maine,  Pringle.  New  York,  Wil- 
ley.  Washington  Territory,  Suksdorf.  British  Columbia 
(the  spores  in  an  otherwise  well-marked  state,  now  smaller, 

8-11  by  3-4)  Macoun. Acharius  (L.  U.,i>.  2.53)  notes  the 

European  lichen  as  more  often  exhibiting  an  external,  though 
thin,  thallus  ;  and  Dr.  Th.  Fries  (l.  c.)  finds  now  a  sufliciently 
distinct,  and  even  verrucose  thalline  crust. 

2.  X.  disseminata,  Willey ;  thallus  of  minute,  round, 
scattered  or  at  length  crowded,  smooth  granules,  glaucescent ; 
apotheeia  superficijil  (from  0"""-,  2  reaching  0"""-,  4  in  length, 
and  O™™-,  3  in  width)  rounded,  elliptical,  and  oblong,  often 
blunt-angled ;  concave ;  the  obtuse,  wavy  margin  at  length 
thinning  out,  leaving  the  disk  flattish ;  soon  and  commonly 
black.  Spores  oblong ;  nebulous  as  in  all  the  species,  but 
passing  here  from  pseudo-2  to  pseudo-4-locular ;   14-26  by 


l!    I 


XYLOGRAPHA. 


118 


[)  lirellft^ 

ttt  least 

"colorate. 

ImllUH     ViH 

t  belonjr- 
*  referred 
re  else  in 


ions ;  apo- 
()«"»«•,  2  in 
parallelly ; 
leaving  a 
Mit  colour, 
y  5-7  mic., 
m.  Not.  p. 
in.  n.  205. 
SO,  p.  42. 
Hysteriumy 

B  {Wniey) 
iTork,  Wil- 
Colurabia 
iw  smaller, 
)  notes  the 
lal,  though 
Bufticiently 

;e,  round, 
aucescont ; 

in  length, 
ong,  often 

at  length 
commonly 
)eci^8,  but 

14-26  by 


4-6  mic,  the  Hparse  capillary  paraphyscR  rather  looge.  Sper- 
matia  staff-sba|)ed,  10-24  mic.  long,  straight. Willey  MS. 

On  bark  and  roots  of  White  Ce<lar  (Ctipressua  Thyaides) 
and  also  on  old  rails  and  shingles.  New  Itedford,  Mass., 

Willey.     Dead  wootl,  Mt.  Desert,  Me.,  the  same. Reaction 

of  the  hymenium  with  iodine  dark-blue. 

3.  X.  hiana,  Tuckerm.  in  herb. ;  thallus  hypophlwous ; 
aiM)thecia  (O"""*,  3-5  long)  super^'^ial ;  from  rounded  and 
boat-8ha|>ed,  when  wide-mouthed  and  gaping,  also  narrowed 
and  lirelllfonn,  and  at  length  angtdatc  and  sub-stellate  ;  with 
a  thin  incurved  margin ;  crowded  at  length  into  dense  clus- 
ters ;  from  pale-brown  passing  into  livid-black.  Spores 
rounded  and  ovoid;  8-12  by  5-7  mic. ;  in  napifonn  thekes ; 
amid  capillary,  and  rather  lux  para[>hy8es. 

On  tlead  wood,  Washington  Territory,  Sukadorf  in  herb. 
Sprague. Reaction  of  the  hymenium  with  iodine  blue. 

4.  X.  Opegraphella,  Nyl. ;  thallus  rugose-verrucose  becom- 
ing at  length  somewhat  turgid,  glaucesccnt  passing  into  pale- 
brownish,  and  now  obsolescent ;  apothecia  minute  (O"""-,  1-3 
wide)  superficial ;  concave  ;  from  rounded  soon  angulate  and 
lirellate,  and  at  length  bi-tri-furcate ;  pule  to  dark-brown. 

Spores  ellipsoid  and  oblong-ellipsoid,  11-15  by  3-5  mic. 

Nyl.  Ennm.  Gen.  p.  128.  Tuckeitn.  Oen.  p.  202.  Ope- 
grapha  atidica,  Fr.  &  Tuck,  in  Tuckeitn.  Lich.  exs.  n.  97, 
non  Nyl. 

On  dead  woml  of  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine, 
Tuckeitnan,  I.  c,  1855.  Grand  Manan,  N.  B.,  Willey. 
Gasp^  coast,  Canada,  Jifaeoun. 


Fara.    2.  — LECANACTIDEI. 

Thallus  distinct,  unitbnn,  from  scurfy  becoming  com- 
pacted, or  tartureous,  and  now  mealy,  the  gonimous 
system  constituted  of  more  or  less  reddish-yellow  gonidia 
which  are  linked  together  in  limnching  series  ;  apothecia 


114 


LECANACnS. 


•Ill 


ill 


rounded  more  or  Ioam,  hut  poHHing  aho  into  ohlon^,  and 

even  lirelhrfonn  ;  pale  and  blackening ;  niarginate. 

The  two  genera  hero  hn)ught  together  Huggent  now 
Lecideine,  and  now  Locanoreino  aflinitiet^,  ar  '  have 
found  Huch  variouH  diHpoHition.  It  is  however  'thing 
but  natural  to  assign  Lecanactis  UlecehrMa  to  .  rril)e, 
and  L.  lyncea  to  another ;  and  the  goninious  Hystcra,  in 
these  species,  as  in  L.  abietina,  and  in  L.  premnea,  is 
accordant ;  and  is  that  so  peculiarly  characteristical  of 
Graphidacei. 

LI  v.— LECANACTIS,  (Eschw.)  Koerb.,  emend. 

Apothccia  rounded,  or,  more  rarely,  oblong ;  the 
(proper)  exciple  wholly  black.  Spores  finger-shaped, 
a>id  fusifoiin-oblong ;  quadri-pluri-locular,  without  col- 
our. Spemiatia  oblong,  and  staff-shaped ;  on  simple 
steriginas.  Thallus  as  ttlx)ve.  (Tuckerm.  Obs.  Lich. 
3,  I.  c.  G,  p.  283.) 

1.  L.  abietina^  (Ach.)  Koerb;  tballus  effiisc,  thin;  com- 
pact and  smoothish  at  length  chinky,  as  also  powdery  and 
thickened,  glaucescent ;  apotliecia  middling-sized  to  almost 
ample,  roinuled  or  at  length  angulate-difform,  sessile,  t]ie 
soon  convex  disk,  and,  more  or  less,  the  tumid  margin  densely 
white  or  pale-buff -pruinose,  black  within.  Spores  fusiform- 
oblong,  4-plurilocular,  without  colour,  30-40  by  4-6  mic. 
Spermogones  wart-like;  spermatia  very  large,  oblong,  11-16 

by  3-4  mic. Koerb.  Syat.  p.  276.     Lecidea^  Ach.  Nyl. 

Prodr.  p.  138;  Scand.  p.  241. 

Trunks.  Arctic  America,  between  lat.  !)i°  and  64°  N. 
(Richardson)  Hooker,  I.  c,  1823.  On  Abies,  California, 
Bolander. 

2.  L.  premnea,  (Ach.)  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  contiguous, 
smoothish  now  granulate,  or  rugose  and  rinuilose,  glauces- 
cent, ash-coloured,  or  greenish,  more  or  less  limited,  or 
otherwise   conditioned,   by  the   blackening  hypothallus,  or 


LKCANACTIS. 


115 


olmoIoHcent ;  aiMitlu'cia  nii<UlUnK-itize«l  to  alinoHt  ain|ile, 
roiiiidnl,  or  nt  l(Mi);th  ticxiioutt-difrortii,  hohhiIo,  flat,  Mack, 
tli(>  (IIhIc  };r«><>n-|)riiinoM<>,  lM>ooiiiing  iibIcimI,  wliito  within,  tii«> 
ol>tiiH(>  margin  iniinitcly  cr(W8-Htriat(>,  or  <>l(>ft,  th(>  hy|M)th(>eiiim 
black.  iSfNm'H  fuHiforni-ol)lon)<,  4-pliiriloeiilar,  without  eoU 
our,  l.'>-2.')  by  .3-(i  niic.     Sitfrniogoiivs,  ami  H|ioriuatia  niiuute. 

Tni'kerm.  I.  c.  Lecidea,  Ach.  L.  (/.,  />.  173,  070.     Nyl. 

Proilr.  p.  13ft;  Uch.  Parin,  n.  07;  Scatui.  p.  240.  Schi»- 
malomma,  Mudd  Man.  p.  222. 

b,  chlororonin.  Tuck. ;  niar};in  of  a|)othociuin  thin.     S|)orp(i 

dnctyloid,  4-l«M;ulur,  11-17  l>y  .'{-o. Tuckenn.  (ien.p.Hi4. 

L.  chlo)'(H'onia,  Ejuad.  Obs.  Lich.  I.  supra  c. 

On  bark  of  Cyprt'HS,  IxiuiHiana  (Hale)  Tuckernian  Oen. 
1K72.     IMne,  and  other  bark,  California,  Bolander.     South 

Carolina,   Eekfeldt.     Alabama   (on   HamlHtonu)   Peters. 

b,  on  Alaplo,  and  ChcHtnut,  New  llanipHhiru,  and  MaHHaehu- 
setts,  Tuckennan;  and  Vermont,  Frost.  On  Hemlock 
Bpruce,  and  woo<l  of  dead  Larch,  New  York,  WUley;  Miss 

Wilson.     On  Pine  bark,  Manitoba,  Macoun. The  fineHt 

conditions  of  this  specific  type  are  found  in  the  tropics ;  and 
the  writer  has  sought  to  consider  them  at  the  place  tirst-cited. 

The  spores  of  our  more  northern  forms  of  a  ap|>ear  to  be 

rather  smaller  than  in  the  European  lichen ;  and  little  there- 
fore to  be  left  to  keep  the  var.  b  apart. 


3.  L.  Californica,  Tuck,  in  litt. ;  thallus  tartareous,  rimose 
becoming  rugose-verrucose  and  smooth,  glaucescent ;  apothe- 
cia  middling-sized  to  ample,  adnate,  rounded  and  angulate, 
dilated,  passing  into  oblong  with  rounded  ends ;  disk  flat,  at 
length  convex,  grey-pruinose,  the  thin  rugulose  margin,  and 
the  hypothecium  black.  Spores  oblong,  always  4-locular, 
20-26  by  4-6  mic,  in  6*  and  8',  in  cylindraceous-clavate 
thekcs,  amid  capillary,  flexuous,  branched  paraphyses. 

Upon  twigs  in  Lower  California,  L.  Belding. Nearest 

to  L.  lyncea  of  Western  Europe,  which  exhibits  a  mealy 
thallus,  smaller  ai)otbecia  with  all  the  constituents  of  the 
hymenium  more  slender,  and  long-fusiform  or  acicular,  pluri- 
locular  spores. 


116  platy(;raviia. 

LV.  — PLATYfiHAIMI  A  ,    Nyl. 

A|N>tl)(>riu  rotindcd,  olthni^,  or,  more  nin*ly,  lircllu*- 
fonii-<>xt<>ii(l<'(i,  the  pro|M>r  cxciplo,  tho  niiirjrin  of  which 
IH  now  ohHciirc,  or  obHolt^ts  viirioiiHly  folourcil,  uiid 
cTowiu>(I  iiy  iiii  iK'coHsory  thalliiu*  oiio.  Sporos  ohioiif; 
pHHsiii^  into  fusiform,  4-phirilocuhir,  without  colour. 
Spomiutiu  olilon^,  stiitr-Hhaped,   or  nccdlc-nhapcd,   on 

Himplo  Htcri^nas.     Thalhis  as  alMivo. A  conspicuous 

tro))ical  type,  represented  in  our  noitliern  States  by  only 
one  reduced  expression. 

1 .  P.  vermmx,  Tiickfrni.  Iiorb.  ;  tlinlhis  of  minute,  crowded 
and  heaped,  and  more  or  Iohh  at  len^tli  euah'seent  gi. mules, 
grayish-green ;  apotheeia  sniall  (()"""•,  4-H  wide)  rouiide<l, 
sessile  beconnnfj;  a<limte,  the  disk  from  pale-hrown  at  leu((th 
black,  soon  tumid,  and  excluding  the  thin,  white,  flexuoUB 
margin ;  the  hypothecium  brownish-black.  SiM>res  from 
ellipsoid  s<x>n  dactyloid,  4-locular,  the  distinct  paraphyses 
finally  rather  lax. 

On  charred  'voo<l,  Florida,  A.  11.  Curtisn,  in  herb.  Spragtie. 

As  in  some  other  species,  the  peculiar  gonidia  of  Graph- 

idacei  are  not  well  exhibited  in  this,  whicli  yet  is,  perhaps, 
better  placed  here  than  in  Biatora,  to  which,  in  litt.,  I  at 
first  referred  it. 

2.  P.  Califomim,  (Tuck.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  sub-tartareoiis, 
rugose-verruculose,  whitish,  and  ashcoloured ;  apothecia 
middling-sized  (inini._iinin.^  r,^  j^  >vidth)  sessile,  rounded  and 
angulose ;  the  slightly  convex,  black,  ashy-i)rninose  disk 
bordered  by  a  thickish,  flexuous-sub-crenate,  white  margin ; 
the  hypothecium  black.  Spores  fingershaped,  4-locular,  1(5- 
18  by  3-4  niic,  without  colour,  amid  filiform,  lax  paraphyses. 

Nyl.  Syn.  If.  Caled.^p.  58^  note.     Tuckerm.  Oen.^p. 

195.     l>irina,  Tuck.  Calif.,  2^-  17. 

On  bark  of  Qitercns  agrifolia,  and  Pinus  insignis,  Califor- 
nia, (Bolamler)  Tuckerman  I.  c,  r8GG. 

3.  P.  ocellata,  Nyl. ;  thallus  now  thin  but  thickening  also 
and  sub-tartareous,  granulate,  soon  compacted  and  rimose, 


PLATYGRAniA. 


117 


m 


lirt'llii'- 
if  which 
i><l,  iind 
I  (»hl(»ii^ 
rnlour. 
|kh1,  on 
ipiououH 
hy  only 

crowtU'd 
jCi.miili'H, 
ruundi'd, 
at  U>n){tli 
floxuoiiH 
rcH  fron> 
^riiphyseH 

f  Oraph- 
porbapB, 
mt.,  I  at 

rtareoiis, 
ipothccia 
luU'd  and 
08U   drnk 

margin ; 
uhir,  1(5- 
apliyses. 

Oen. ,  p. 

,  Califor- 


iiing  also 
riniose, 


bmo«ith,  moro  or  Ipmh  iNmleriMl  and  deciiHitattMl  hy  a  hlack«MUU(( 
hy|H>thalhiN ;  a|)othrcia  Minall  to  minnto  (O"*'"-,  B-A  wide) 
roiindod  (alm>  now  ohiong)  tlio  diHk  tint,  from  livid-palo 
hiat'ki-ning,  whit(>-niargint>d  inorv  or  \v»n  diiitinetly  by  the 
thalhiH  which  iH  (>h>v»tfd  ut  h'ngth  to  ronHtitutt*  a  proniint>nt, 
li'canorold,  Hub-cntirr  or  crcnatc,  acccHHory  ri"'opta<'h' ;  the 
liy|M>tlu>cMnii  ItrowiiiMh-lilafk.  S|M)r(>H  ftiHiforni,  4-hK'ular. 
14-20  hy  IWi  mic,  without  cohmr,  the  wlender  parapliyHea 

8<M>n  <liHtinot. Nj/l.   in  Prinlr.  N.   (/ran.,  p.  U4 ;   A  in 

Liiniiff  Ex».  n.  78ti.  Jjecanactin  PiinctilUtm^  Tuckerm.  in 
Utt.  olim. 

On  lierrhemia,  and  on  Beeeli ;  h)W  country  of  South  Car- 
olina {Raveuel)  Tuckernian  Gen.,  1872. 

4.  P.  jterirha,  (Xvh.)  Nyl.  ;  thallus  of  minute,  ncurfy 
granulcH  colU'cte<l  into  Hcattered  h(>n|iH,  or  now  at  last  con- 
tiguouH  iiiul  rinndoHe  paHtting  into  verrucuhme,  whitiHh  ;  apo- 
thecia  Huiall,  deprcHHed,  roun«k'd  and  oblong,  at  length  Home- 
what  furcate  ;  the  diHk  flat  soon  convex,  browniwh-black,  and 
black,  Hub-HcabrouH,  with  an  obscure  and  evancHci'nt  proper 
margin,  which  is  bordered  by  a  coarse,  white  tlialline  one, 
itself  now  disappearing,  concolorous  within.     S|M)res  aciculur, 

4-locular,  30-30  by  3-4  mic. Nyl.  iScand.  p.  250.     Anz. 

Lick.  Ital.  Sup.  n.  325.  Schismatmnma  doloswn,  Koerb. 
Syst.  p.  256,  &  herb. 

On  Hemlock  bark,  Southern  Massachusetts,  and  in  the 
New  Hampshire  Mountains,  Willey. 

5.  P.  interrnpta,  (F^e)  Nyl. ;  thallus  thin,  sub-tarlareous, 
compact,  white  ;  apothecia  minute,  from  rounded  soon  angu- 
late  (0"»"'-,  2-4  wide)  and  oblong,  and  bi-tri-furcate,  and  at 
length  much  narrowed  and  slender-lirella'form  (reaching  1  «"«"•, 
long.)     Spores   dactyloid,  4-.')-locular,    16-20   by  Mi  mic, 

without  colour. Nyl.  in  Prodr.  N.   Grcn.  p.  95;  &  in 

Lindig  exs.  nn.  783,  814.  Graphic,  F4e  Ess.,  p.  41 ;  Sujrpl. 
p.  30;  &  Chiudecton  monostichum^  Ejusd.  Supjtl.p.  54;  ornn. 
sec.  Nyl. 

Upon  bark,  in  equinoctial  America,  ¥6e ;  Nyl.  'iud  repre- 
sented so  closely  by  a  lichen  from  Southern  Florida  {Austin) 


118 


ENTEROGRAPHA. 


'  tbat  I  cannot  omit  the  reference,  tlioup^h  the  single  specimen 
■'j  too  small  and  incom|)lete.  The  plant  resembles  equally  P. 
lejitogrnpha,  Nyl.  I.  c. ;  and  this  might,  ns  he  says,  be  rea<lily 
taken  for  the  other ;  but  ihe  spores  of  ours,  though  porha])S 
more  commonly  d-locular,  appear  to  be  smaller,  and  without 
a  halo. 

6.  P.  Bavenelii,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  from  scurfy  at 
length  sub-tartareous,  rimose,  and  granulate,  cinerasccnt ; 
apothecia  middling-sized,  sessile,  roundish  soon  flexuously 
stellate-lobatc  (ubout  l"""-  wide)  and,  yet  more  commonly, 
iirellffiform-extended,  tortuous,  and  furcate,  obtuse,  the 
dilated  disk  chocolate-brownish,  and  white-pruinose,  the 
stout,  erect  proper  margin  crowned  at  first  by  a  dense,  white 
powdery  one  of  the  thallus,  which  disappears,  and  the  denu- 
dated  exciple  blackens  ;  the  hypothecium  black.  Spores  fusi- 
form, t-locular,  25-40  by  5-6  mic,  without  colour. Gen. 

Lich.  J).  196. 

On  various  barks.  Corpus  Christi,  Texas  (liavenel)  Tuck- 
ernian,  I.  c,  1872. 


Fam.   3.  — OPEGRAPHKI. 

Thallus  uniform,  and  either  liypophlicous,  or  exposed, 
continuing  thin  and  hard  (cartilagincous)  or  l)ecouiing 
thickened  and  softish  (turtareous)  the  goninious  system 
(with  very  rare  exceptions,)  as  in  Lecanaclidei.  Apo- 
thecia normally  lircllaiform. 


LVI.  — ENTEROGRAPHA,  F6e. 

Apothecia  from  [junetiform  passing  into  lirelheform, 
inmiersed,  softish,  pale  and  blackening,  innnarginate, 
pale  within.  Spores  from  dactyloid  fusifomi,  and  acic- 
ular,  quadri-plurilocular,  Avithout  colour.  Spennatia 
oblong,  on  simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  well-develo[)ed, 
8ub-cartilagineou8. A  much-mistuken,  small   group 


GRAPHIS. 


119 


of  lichens,  of  which  the  Tril>e  ha8  not  always  seemed 
clear.  The  tj'pical  species  approach  yet  very  near  to 
some  types  of  GVcfjoAw ;  hut  ditfer  essentially  in  their 
imniar«;inate,  immersed  apothecia,  and  in  the  spores. 
One  European  species  may  be  readily  taken  for  Chio- 
decton.  \ 

E.  elegans,  (Eschw.)  thallns  thickish,  sub-cartilagineous, 
smooth,  granulate,  grccnish-glaucescent ;  apothecia  eluugated, 
very  narrow,  and  excessively  spread-branched,  from  pale 
blackening.     Spores  from  ellipsoid  daetyloid,  4-locular,  14-1 6 

by  4-6  mic,  without  colour. Sclero})hyton,  Eschw.  Sj/st.y 

p.  14,  Jig.  8;  Lkh.  Bras., p.  101.  Stiymatklium,  Nyl.Syn. 
N.  Ceded.,  p.  58. 

Upon  bark,  low  country  of  Georgia,  Ravenel.  Florida, 
Austin. 


LVII.  — GRAPHIS,    Ach.,   Nyl. 

Apothecia  lirella'f(-nn,  and,  more  or  less,  for  the  most 
part,  branching,  reverting  rarely  to  rounded-diflonn, 
mostly  innate,  the  proper  exciple  polourcd,  or  black, 
the  base  more  often  colourless,  crowned  almost  always, 
more  or  less,  by  an  accessory  one  of  the  thallus.  Spores 
from  ellipsoid  typically  oblong,  and  eruciefonn,  4-pluri- 
locular,  reaching  also,  in  many  s[)ecies,  nmriform-multi- 
locular,  brownish,  and  decolorate.  Spermatia  oblong, 
and  stati'shaped,  on  simple  sterigmas.  Thallus  tausta- 
ceous,  uniform. The  author  has  ccmsidereu  the  sub- 
divisions of  this  vast  genus  in  Genera  Lic/iemim,  p.  202. 
It  is  however  p»'eferred  here  to  consider  the  section 
Fisatirina  as  occupying  an  analogous  place,  on  the  one 
side,  looking  towards  Ji'/j/et'o^/rajj/ia,  of  the  great  central 
group  Leucoijramma,  into  which  it  clearly  pass(>s,  as 
does  G.  ficrijj/a  and  its  allies,  as  evidently  looking 
towards  Opegrapha,  on  the  other.  Nylander,  above  all 
others,  has  exhibited  to  us  the  exuberance  of  Graphis 


120 


GRAPHIS. 


;,  iPf 


as  well  by  description  as  by  the  dcteraii nation  of  such 
collections  as  Lindig's  and  Wright's  ;  but  the  histoiy  of 
the  genus  throughout  the  wanner  regions  of  the  cai1h 
is  still  very  far  from  completeness,  while  in  Mexico,  :uid 
especially  in  the  extreme  southern  portions  of  the  United 
States,  it  is  hardly  beginning  to  be  known. 

*  Fissurina.  Apothecia  thin ,  simple^  or  variously 
somewhat  branched^  immersed,  resembling  small,  more 
or  less  at  length  gaping  fissures,  defined  finally  by  the 
elevation  of  the  thalline  edges  of  these  fissures,  the  proper 
exciple  pals.  (Genus  Fissurina,  F6e.,  Mont.  Genus 
Diorygma,   Eschw.,    Mull.  Arg.    Graphis  sect.,  Mey. 

Nyl.  mProdr.  N.  Gran.  p.  80.) AVhether Z)iory7?/ia, 

Eschw.  Syst.,  1824,  or  Fissurina,  F6e,  of  the  same 
year,  both  based  on  the  same  conception,  have  the  pri- 
ority, is  uncertain,  and  appears  so  even  to  F6e  {Suppl. 
p.  2)  but,  notwithstanding  the  indisputably  grpater 
value  of  the  analyses  of  the  German  author  as  compared 
with  those  of  the  French,  the  thought  of  the  latter  is 
perhaps  the  purest,  and  has  found  readier  recognition 
with  later  lichenists.  The  type  is  an  extreme  degener- 
ation of  the  next  following,  great  tropical  group  Leuco- 
gramma,  turning  especially  on  the  diminution  and  final 
disappearance  of  the  projjer  margin.  But  Eschweiler 
recognized  also  Graphis  grammitis,  F6e,  as  a  member 
of  his  Diorygma,  and  has  been  followed  therein  by 
Montague  ;  and  that  species  should  cany  with  it  others, 
as  G.  contexta  (Pers.)  Nyl.,  G.  Balbisii,  F6e,  G.  Lau- 
bertiana,  F6e,  all  of  them  referred  to  the  present  section 
l)y  Krempelhuber  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  section, 
which  thus  disappears  in  Leucogramma.  The  named 
species  arc  then  excluded  in  the  view  here  taken,  and, 
for  the  same  reason,  Fissurina  Babingtonii,  Mont., 
which,  closely  enough  related,  as  he  saw,  to  the  next 
section,  appeared  yet,  in  his  specimens,  to  be  ditferenced 
by  the  deficiency  of  the  pro})er  margin,  proves  now,  in 


GRAPHIS. 


121 


other  specimens  (Wright  Lich.  Cuh.,  2,  37fi,39fi,hoth 
of  them  hy  the  spore-characters,  G,  insfabilitt,  Nyl.  in 
Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  8fi,  n.,  but  published  now  as  the 
scarcely  otherwise  differing  G,  Bahingtomi)  to  display 
sufficiently  this  margin,  and  is  also  here  refeiTed  to  the 
section  Leucogramma.  Thus  restricted, /^'wwirina  may 
he  said  to  be  typified  by  Graphis  nttida  (Mont.  !)  Nyl.  1 
The  little  group  of  humble  lichens  of  this  affinity,  is 
however  embarassed,  as  well  by  the  general  reduction 
of  structure  —  the  thalline  edges  of  the  clefts  playing 
the  part  even  of  apothecial  margins  —  as  by  the  feeble 
develop  ..ent  of  the  inner  stmcture,  and  tlu'  difficulty 
of  finding  spores ;  and  I  can  say  no  more  of  what  fol- 
lows, than  that  it  brings  together  the  best  results  I  have 
been  able  to  reach.  There  is  no  reason  why  other  of 
the  tropical  forms  should  not  turn  up  in  our  extreme 
Southern  districts ;  and  it  is  quite  certain  that  this  sec- 
tion of  Graphis  will  one  day  bfi  understood  here  better 
than  it  is  now. 


1.  O.  nitida,  (Moat.  &  V.  d.  Bosch.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  mem- 
branaceous-cartilagineous, pale-olivaceous,  smooth  aud  bright ; 
apothecia  from  sub-simple  aud  llexuous  soon  elongated,  fur- 
cate-ramose, and  approximated  in  radiating  groups  ;  the  pale 
disk  concealed  by  the  more  or  less  gaping  thalline  margin. 
Spores  [in  Hawaian  specimens  entirely  agreeing  with  Mon- 
tagne's  from  Java,  more  or  less  cocciform-ellipsoid,  4-locular, 

the  cells  entire,  12-15  by  9-11  mic,  without  colour.] 

Fissiiriyia,  Mont.  &  V.  d.  B.  Lkh.  Javl]^.  51 ;  Syll.ip.355. 
Oraphis,  Nyl.  Eimm.  Gen.  p.  130. 

Trees  in  tropical  and  sub-tropii-al  regions.  South  Carolina, 
Ravenel.  Lower  Alabama,  Beaumont.  But  the  spores  not 
seen  in  our  plants.  Esehweiler's  Diorygmu  nitidiim  is 
scarcely  to  be  satisfactorily  understf)od  by  the  deseriptitm  ; 
but  Montague's  lichen  is  known,  and  has  been  accepted  by 
Nylandei. 

2.  O.  radiata,  (Mont.)  Nyl. ;  thallus  as  in  the  last;  apo- 


122 


GRAPHIS. 


thecia  simple,  or  2-3-furcate  in  radiating  groups,  the  margins 
erect-connivent  (Mont. ;  Nyl.)     Spores  (in  Lindig's  ayteci- 

men)  ovoid,  4-locular,  the  cells  entire,  12-16  by  5-8  niie. 

Fi»8Hrinay  Mont.  Syll.  p.  354.     Oraphia,  Nyl.  in  Prodr.  N. 
Oran.,  p.  86;  &  in  Lindig  herb.  N.  G.  n.  793. 

Trees,  coast  of  Texas  ?  Wholly  uncertain ;  but  perhaps 
as  likely  to  occur  as  the  preceding,  from  which  it  is  considered 
to  differ  in  specien  by  the  authors  cited,  although  neither  their 
descriptions  nor  the  cited  specimen  seems  quite  enough  to 
make  the  difference  clear.  Spores  commonly  ovoid ;  but 
cocciform  ones  also  occur.  It  is  not  without  interest  that  a 
sub-muriform  character  is  rarely  exhibited. 

3.  G.  botryoaa,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  as  in  the  preced- 
ing, smooth  and  bright,  pale-olivaceous ;  apothecia  small, 
ellipsoid  and  oblong,  simple,  soon  gaping,  white,  more  or 
less  densely  aggregated  in  at  length  anastomosing  clusters ; 
the  disk  colourless.  Spores  oblong,  4-locular,  the  cells 
entire,  14-20  by  4  mic,  without  colour,  invested  with  a  halo. 

Trees,  southern  Florida,  Austin.  And  what  appears  the 
same  was  found  in  northern  Floiida,  as  possibly  also  South 
Carolina,  by  Ravenel;  and  in  Cuba  by  Wright;  but  spores 
seen  in  neither  of  the  last. 

4.  G.  Dumastii,  (F^e)  Nyl. ;  thallus  as  in  the  preceding ; 
apothecia  from  ellipsoid  becoming  2-3-angular,  and  oblong, 
simple,  soon  open  and  dilated,  the  thalliue  margin  sharp. 
Spores  in  cylindraceous  thekes,  oblong-ellipsoid,  4-locular, 
the  cells  entire,  14-18  by  5-7  mic,  without  colour  (F^e,  Nyl.) 

Fiasurina,  Fie  I^aa.,  p.  59,  t.  16,  f.  4;  Suppl.  p.  46. 

Graphia,  Nyl.  in  Prodr.  N.  Gran.  p.  86;  Syn.  N.  Ceded,  p. 
80. 

On  bark  of  Cinchona,  Tropical  America,  Fie.  Florida? 
The  specimens  iusutlicient ;  but  possibly  Indicating  this 
species,  which  may  well  occur.  ^ 

5.  G.  lenconephela,  Nyl. ;  thallus  as  in  the  preceding ;  apo- 
thecia indicated  by  narrow  flexuous  fissures  in  white,  opake, 
rather  prominent  and  conspicuous  spots  ;  the  disk  colourless. 


)iW 


GRAPHIS. 


123 


margins 
8  8i)eci- 

nic. 

rodr.  N. 

perhaps 
nsidered 
her  their 
lough  to 
)id;  but 
st  that  a 


J  preced- 
a  small, 
more  or 
clusters ; 
the  cells 
h  a  halo. 

)ear8  the 
3o  South 
it  spores 


eceding ; 
I  oblong, 
n  sharp, 
-locular, 
5e,Nyl.J) 
)l.  p.  46. 
Caled.  p. 

Florida? 
ing   this 


ng ;  apo- 
e,  opake, 
)lourless. 


Spores  ellipsoid,  mnriform-multilocular,  14-28  l)y  8-14  mic, 

finally  without  colour,  invested  more  or  'ess  with  a  halo. 

Nyl.  Lich.  Ktirz.  Bengal,  in  Flora,  1869,  p.  73;  &  inWrujlU 
Lich.  Cub.  2,  n.  73. 

Trees,  Southern  Texas,  E.  Hall.  Southern  Florida,  Ana- 
tin.     Spores  now  brownish  in  the  thekes. 

6.  G.  v.itidescens,  Nyl. ;  thallus  much  as  in  the  8i)ecies 
preceding ;  apothecia  from  rounded,  and  ellipsoid,  soon 
oblong,  simple,  rather  i)rominent,  more  or  less  white-veiled, 
the  cleft  at  length  gaping,  the  disk  i)ale.  Spores  ovoid-oblong, 
4-6-locular,   sub-muriform,  the  middle  cells  being  more  or 

less  dividetl,  16-20  by  4-8  mic,  without  colour. Nyl.  in 

Wnght  Lich.  Cub.,  2,  n.  68. 

Trees,  Florida,  liavenel.     A.  H.  dirties. 1  have  seen 

no  description  of  this  marked  species. 

7.  G.  Columbina,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  much  as  in  the 
last ;  apothecia  slender,  soon  elongated,  flexuous,  and  furcate- 
ramose  running  together  into  loose  groups,  the  rounded  mar- 
gins white  within,  the  disk  narrowed.  Spores  ellipsoid,  and 
oblong,  muriform  (ser.  transv.  c.  5-8,  long.  c.  4)  14-30  by 
10-12  mic,  fuscescent. 

Trees,  Southern  Alabama  (Pigeon  Creek)  Beaumont.  Near 
to,  and  perhaps  not  distinct  from  the  last  preceding,  but 
appearing  to  differ  as  above.  The  other  is  considered  by 
Nylander  to  be  represented  also  (with  a  videtur)  by  Wright, 
Cub.  n.  69  ;  but  this  is  less  coniparable  with  our  plant,  than 
what  seems  the  typical  G.  nitidescens  (Wright,  n.  68.) 

8.  G.  subnitidida,  Nyl. ;  thallus  as  in  the  preceding ;  apo- 
thecia minute,  sunken,  from  ellipsoid  soon  elongated,  flexuous, 
and  some'vhat  branched,  and  now  collected  in  radiating 
groups,  the  very  narrow  exciple  more  or  less  conspicuously 
brown-edged,  the  cleft  exceedingly  thi.i.  Spores  oblong- 
ellipsoid,  sub-muriform  (ser.  tr.  8-10,  long.  1-2)  20-24  by 

6-8  mic,  finally  colourless. Nyl.  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  2^ 

n.  155. 

Trees,  Southern  Florida,  Austin.     Well  agreeing  with  the 


124 


GRAPHIS. 


.'1  if 


Cuban  lichen,  except  that  in  the  latter  the  spores  seen  shew 
only  entire  sixire-cells. 

9.  O.  glmicoderma,  Nyl. ;  thallu8  thickish,  incrusting, 
smooth,  and  more  or  less  bright,  grecnish-glaiicescent ;  apo- 
thecia  indicated  by  narrow,  much  elongated,  flex'ious, 
branched  cleftH,  aggregated  commonly  in  radiating  groups, 
and  soon  irrcgitiiirly  gaping,  or  Anally  much  dilated,  and 
stellate-angulate,  the  flat  disk  flesh-coloured.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
sub-nmriform  (ser.  tr.  4-'),  the  cells  more  or  less  divided) 

15-20  by  7-10  mic,  without  colour. Nyl.  in  Wright  Lick. 

Cub.  2,  n.  61. 

Trees,  in  Southern  Georgia,  and  Northern  Florida,  Ravenel. 
Southern  Florida,  J.  Donnell  Smith.  This,  and  the  immedi- 
ately preceding  species  have  not,  to  my  knowledge,  been 
described. G.  mihnitens,  Nyl.  I.  c.  n.  70,  without  descrip- 
tion, is  exceedingly  like  the  present,  but  its  possibly  smaller 
spores  are  brownish,  and  invested  with  a  halo.  '. 

10.  G.  Beau7nontii,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  thickish,  gran- 
ulate-uneven, somewhat  shining,  greenish-glaucescent ;  apo- 
thecia  stout,  innate-supei-flcial,  ellipsoid,  and  oblong,  simple, 
a  turgid  thalline  margin  much  concealing  the  disk,  which  is 
at  length  open,  and  tb?  cleft  even  gaping,  the  pale  proper 
margin  obscure.  Spores  cocciform,  4-locular,  the  spore-cells 
entire,  12-20  by  8-14  mic,  for  the  most  part  without  colour. 
G.  Babirujtonii^  Tuckerm.  Gen.,  p.  211,  not  of  Nyl. 

Trees,  Southern  Alabama,  (  W.  J.  B.  Beaumont)  Tucker- 
man,  1.  c,  1872.  Lo.v  country  of  South  Carolina,  Havenel. 
Texas  (low  country)  E.  Hall.  Answering  generally  to  the 
description  of  Fissnrina  Babingtonii,  Mont.  Syll.,  p.  354  ; 
but  this,  as  recognized  by  Nylander  (Wright.  Cub.  2,  n.  37, 
a,  b,  39,  b)  is  a  distinct  lichen  referable  perhaps  rather  to 
the  next  succeeding  section  of  the  genus,  and  has  not  occurred 
here. 

**  Leucogramma.  Apotheda  typically  robust,  simple, 
passing  into  elongated,  flexuous,  and  at  length  many-branched 
forms,  innate,  becoming  readily  prominent,  the  less-marked 
proper  margin  connate  more  or  less  with  the  mostly  conspicuous 


GRAPHIS. 


125 


(whithh)  thaUine  rme ;  the  disk  pale,  nmr  blcckening.  (Oeniw 
Leucogramma,  Moy.  Entwick.  (leniis  Leiorrheuma  pr.  p. 
Eschw.  Syst.  Gcnim  Leiogramma  pr.  j).  Eschw.  Bran. 
Graphia,  sect.  Frvmentarup,  Nyl.  Enum.  04n.,  &  in  Itodr. 

N.  Gran.  p.  81.) It  is  only  nt  the  extreme  south,  that 

this  tropical  group — the  centre  and  type  of  Graphin — enters 
our  Flora.  And,  in  this  Tribe  at  least,  the  Lichen-Flora  of 
the  regions  where  it  makes  its  appearance  is  still  so  iniiier- 
fectly  known,  that  it  may  be  long  before  our  species  are 
understoml.  In  what  follows  the  best  is  sought  to  be  done 
with  the  small  material  in  hand,  so  far  as  this  is  sufHcient  for 
any  attempt  at  judgment. 


M 


11.  G.  mfnla,  Mont.  ;  thallus  thin,  smooth,  pale  to  dark- 
olivaceous-greenish,  and  cinerascent,  more  or  less  blpck-limi- 
ted ;  apothecia  scattered,  innate-emergent  and  prominent, 
stout,  oblong  soon  much  elongated,  and  flexuous,  but  contin- 
uing for  the  most  part  simple,  disk  closed,  the  reddish 
becoming  at  length  dark  proper  exciple  incrassated  and 
finally  lengthwise  stiiate,  the  thallinc  one  inconspicuous. 
Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  4-locular,  colourless,  14-18  niic.  long, 

6-10  mic.  wide. Crypt.  Gvyan.  n.  132;   Syll.  p.  346. 

Nyl.  in  WiigJU  Lich.  Cub.  2,  n.  10. 

Trees,  Florida,  Austin. 


m 


12.  G.  scolecitis,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  very  thin,  smooth, 
greenish-ashcoloured,  more  or  less  decussated  and  limited 
♦vith  black  lines ;  apothecia  scattered,  slender,  innate,  elon- 
gated and  fiexuous,  acute,  from  simple  at  length  furcate  and 
somewhat  radiate,  the  disk  concealed,  the  striate  margin  of 
the  brown  exciple  closely  enveloped  by  the  thalline  one. 
Spores  broad-ellipsoid,  4-7-locular,  two  of  the  cells  commonly 
pjissiug  into  four  (sub-muriform)  14-23  mic.  long,  7-9  mic. 
wide. Gen.  Lich.j-  210,  note. 

Southern  Alabama,  Beaumont.     Florida,  Miss  Wilson. 

Apothecia  couunonly  quite  innate,  with  the  aspect  of  species 
of  the  first  section ;  but  finally  assuming  the  habit  rather  of 

the   species   innuediately   preceding. Spores  not  seldom 

invested  with  a  halo. 


196 


GRAPHIS. 


S ''■'Il- 


ls. O.  Floridana,  Tuck,  in  herb. ;  thalhis  smooth,  glau- 
cescent ;  apoihecia  (IcMisely  crowded,  and  for  the  most  part 
concealing  the  thalluB,  coarse,  emergent,  straight  and  greatly 
elongated,  and  also  shorter  and  variously  ticxuous,  simple  or 
sparingly  at  length  branched,  the  closed  margins  of  the  pale 
proper  exciple  white-powdery,  but  the  disk  at  length  more  or 
less  open,  and  now  blackening,  the  thalline  margin  tumid, 
rounded.  Spores  ellipsoid,  4-locular,  colourless,  10-14  mic. 
long,  7-9  mic.  wide. 

Trunks,  Florida,  Austin.  With  nuich  the  aspect  of  Wright 
C7«6.,  c,  the  spores  of  which  are  unknown,  but  which  Nylan- 
der  has  referred,  with  a  videtur,  to  O.  chlorocarpa^  V6g  ;  but 
evidently  best  associable  with  vf.  grammitis,  V6c^  Nyl.,  now 
closely  ''esembling  the  other  externally  (Wright  Cub.) 

14.  G.  Mosquitenais,  Tuckerm.  in  lift. ;  thuUus  thin,  from 
scurfy  more  or  less  compacted,  but  remaining  uneven,  and 
dull,  glaucescent :  apothecia  small,  scattered,  immersed  and 
emergent,  oblong  at  length  elongated,  flexuous,  simple,  the 
proper  margin  blackening  above,  the  concolorous  disk  at 
length  naked,  and  open.  Spores  eructeform,  delicate,  10-26- 
locular,  the  cells  entire,  20-26  mic.  long,  5-7  mic.  wide,  with- 
out colour. 

Mosquito  inlet,  Florida,  Herb.  Sprague.  Also  at  St.  Au- 
gustine, the  same. This  and  the  next  two  following  are 

closely  akin,  but  possibly  distinguishable ;  their  rank  to  be 
determined  when  we  know  more  of  them. 

15.  O.  leucopepla,  Tuckerm.  Jierb. ;  thallus  as  in  the  last; 
apothecia  small,  scattered,  simple,  a  little  prominent,  round 
and  oblong,  the  proper  margin  blackening  above,  and  thus 
contrasting  with  the  pale,  white-powdery  disk.  S|H)re8,  as 
seen,  erucaeform,  about  20-locular,  the  cells  entire,  30-50  mic. 
long,  about  7  mic.  wide,  without  colour. 

Trees,  Florida,  Miss  Mary  L.  Wilson.  ^ 

16.  G.  Poitoioides,  Nyl. ;  thallus  as  in  the  last;  apothecia 
somewhat  flattened,  slender,  immersed  and  emergent,  soon 
much  elongated,  flexuous,  and  from  simple  somewhat  branched, 


It  1: 


GRAPHIS. 


187 


grouped  finally  in  radiating  cluBtera,  the  proper  margin  and 
scarcely  at  length  oiien  disk  pale,  the  rather  tumid,  thalloid 
margin  rounde<l.     Spores  eruca>form,  20-24  locular,  the  cells 

entire,  40-76  mic.  long,  8-12  mic.  wide,  without  colour. 

Nyl.  in  Wright  Livh.  Cub.  2,  77  (nomen.) 

Upon  bark.  Southern  Texas,  Hall.     Trees,  Florida,  Curtiaa. 
No  character  of  this  lichen  has  api>eare<l  as  yet. 


m 


! 

^F^iW: 

:m'HI?| 

'  '  V  ■ 

'p-<^-'S  ■ 

;.'    :i-<;S 

I' 

"^iiaj- 

APPENDIX. 


The  following  aro  doHcriptiouHof  Lecidooi  ivforred  to 
in  Prof.  Tiu'kernuin's  MS.  of  wliich  I  \ui\v  soon  speci- 
niens  from  IiIh  Ilerh. 


1.  liiatora  fiirvo-nigrans,  Tuckenn.  herb;  thnlluH  effuse, 
thin,  uneven,  brown,  on  a  black  bypotlmlluH ;  niK)tliecia 
minute,  HeHsile,  eonvex,  innnnrginnte,  from  brown  Hoon 
blackening.  ^'liypotheciuni  pale,  paraphyneH  conglntinate, 
brown  at  the  tips.  SporeH  Himple,  oblong,  10- If*  by  3-5  mic." 
On  bark,  Washington  Terr.,  Sukadorf,  ISi^'J^  in  herb. 
Sprague. 

2.  B.  pullula,  ad  int.  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  "like  B.  holojwlia, 
but  the  thallus  deficient.  Spores  U-12  by  4-7  mic."  On  dead 
wood,  Washington  Terr.,  Suksdorf,  1882,  in  herb.  Sprague. 

3.  B.  vulpecula,  Tuckerm.  herb. :  nomen.     Not  seen. 

4.  B.  Meadii,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  greenish-yellow, 
minutely  areolate ;  a^tothecia  numerous,  sessile,  small,  the 
entire  obtuse  margin  paler  than  the  pale-brownish  and  dark- 
ening disk,  the  hypothecium  colourles':,  the  paraphyses  con- 
glntinate. Spores  2-4-locular,  oblong-ellipsoid,  11-14  by 
3-5  mic.  On  bark,  Florida,  E.  D.  *Mead,  1885.  Only  a 
single  small  specimen  seen. 

5.  B.  triseptata,  (Hepp.)  v.  artytoides,  Tuckcrnx.  in  Wright 
Cub.  n.  207,  Genera,  p.  162,  note.  Lecidea  artytoidea,  Nyl. 
/v.  N.  Or.  p.  57.  "Thallus  white,  opake,  granulose,  or 
verrucose-granulose  ;  apotheoia  brownish-black,  opake,  plane, 
usually  aggregated,  the  thin  paler  margin  blackening,  the 
hypothecium  brownish-black  above,  the  parai)hy8e8  slender, 
irregular.  Spores  oblong,  4-locular,  20-25  by  7-8  mic." 
Nyl.  I.  c.  On  stones,  Cordoba,  Mexico,  Farloiv,  1885,  in  herb. 
Tuckerm,. 


M 


i.-m 


APPENDIX. 


6.  B.  ilryinn,  (Aeh.,  Nyl.  Srand.  p.  211);  "  tlmlluH 
wliito,  HtiblrproHc,  thin,  <>fYuH(> ;  n|K>thooia  hiiiuII,  often  nn^n- 
loMc,  black,  the  ninrKin  thin,  the  liy|Mulu>('iuni  (htrk,  the  |mra- 
phym'rt  Hicndcr.     Sinrn's  ni'«'<llt'-Hha|M'<l,  nmny-l<K'iilar,  At't-^ti] 

by  3-4  niic." A  California  lichi'n  on  «U'a<l  wimmI,   Mimh 

WilMon,  in  herb.  Tuck«'nn.,  naid  to  have  «letonninoil  l»y  Nyl. 
aH  "  Lfiridea  patellanoideH,  Nyl.,"  \n  Mupixwed  to  be  the  plant 
referred  to:  ami  Nyl.  in  ()b».  on  CorHican  liehenH  in  FlorUj 
IS7S,  p.  4iVi,  Htiyn  there  iH  little  difference  between  the  two. 
Lecidea  dryhia,  Ach.  Meth.  p.  !i4. 

7.  B.  albidula,  Willey  herb.  ;  thalhm  very  thin,  white ; 
apothecia  minute,  HettHile,  the  marj^in  thin,  the  diuk  white, 
the  hypothecium  colourlcHH,  the  paraphyHCB  conglntinate. 
SjJoreH  nuinerouH,  oblong,  simple,  6-7  by  2-3  mic.     On  beech. 

New  Ik'dford,  Willey. A  very  minute  and  oa  yet  rare 

lichen. 

8.  B.  difformia,  (Fr.) ;  "  thallus  deficient;  apothecia 
plane  or  convex,  marginate  or  inunarginate,  black,  naked, 
opake,  the  hypothecium  dark.  Spores  numerous,  minute, 
globose.     Tromera  aarcogynoidea,  Massal.  in  Koerb.  Parerg. 

p.    453." Wainio    Adjnv.    II.  p.   143,  sub    Biatorella. 

Peziza,  Fr.  Synib.  Myc.  p.  151.  Lecidea,  Nyl.  Peziz.  Fenn. 
p.  68.  A  plant  of  pine  gum.  New  Bedford,  and  fir  gum. 
White  Mts.,  iu  herb.  Willey,  may  belong  liere.  It  gives  a 
strong  blue  reaction  with  iotline.  Nyl.  Lapj).  Or.  p.  185, 
considers  it  a  black  form  of  B.  reaince  "ud  see  Minks  Sym- 
bolvb  I,  p.  78.  • 


9.  Lecidea  mamillana,  Tuckeim.  Oba.  1877,  p.  180; 
"  thallus  squamaceous-areolate  but  now  reduced,  glaucescent 
(or  whitened)  the  areoles  turgid,  radiate-striate,  and  sub- 
lobate,  discrete  or  aggregated ;  apothecia  minute,  centrally 
innate  in  the  areoles,  planoconvex,  naked,  with  a  thin  van- 
ishing margin  ;  hypothecium  brown,  the  paraphyses  conglnti- 
nate. Spores  8,  simple,  9-18  by  5-9  mic.  Speraiatia  minute, 
straight,  on  simple  sterigmas.  On  lime  rocks,  Alabama, 
Peters." ( Toninia.) 


AITKNDIX. 


181 


thnlluH 
I  nn^u- 
iv  |mrii- 

r,  4»;.:.r. 

I,     MiKK 

l.y  Nyl. 
lie  plant 
I  Flora, 
the  tw«. 


wlute ; 
:  white, 
lutumto. 
1)  boeeh, 
^et  rare 

pothccia 

,  naked, 
minute, 
Parerg. 

atorella. 

z.  Feiin. 

fir  gum, 

gives  a 

p.  185, 

ikB  Sym.- 


10.  h.  nromatira,  (Sw.)  Ach. ;  'Uhalhtii  minutely  glelm- 
loHi>-H(|uiimui()i<e,  the  H(|naniulei»  at  length  turgettcent  and 
plicate  ;  a|M>thecia  adnate,  plane,  with  a  thin  margin,  at  length 
convi'x  an<l  immarginate  ;  hy|H>theeium  hniwn.  SiNm'H  fuMi- 
form,  4-l(>c>uIar,  lU-24  by  4-.'»  mic."  Lichen  aromaticim,  Sw., 
A'hj/.  Jiot.  V.  25,  1807.     Lecidea,  Ach.  L.  U.  p.  108.     Tli. 

Fr.  Stand,  p.  ,'i.'i2. The  name  in  given  with  a  ?  iu  herb. 

Tuckerm.  to  a  California  lichen. (Toninia.) 

11.  L.  micytho,  Tuekerm.  herb ;  thalluH  thin,  areolate* 
verrueulose,  <H'hraceou8,  in  scattered  patches,  or  obsolete ; 
n|M>thecia  minute,  black,  soon  convex  and  immarginate,  the 
hypotliecium  re<ldish-brown,  the  paraphyses  thickish,  at 
length  clavate,  brown-headed.  Sjiores  ovoid-ellipsoid,  sim- 
ple, O-M^  l>y  t^-<'>  iiiie.  On  ({uartz,  Chester,  8.  Car.  and 
I'ennsylvania,  in  herb.  Eck/eldt. 

12.  L.  planetka,  Tuckerm.  herb. ;  thallus  thin,  cfTusc, 
verrucose,  glaucescent ;  apothecia  numerous,  minute,  from 
the  lirst  convex  and  immarginate,  black,  the  hypotliecium 
black,  the  paraphyses  concrete.  Spores  ovoid-ellipsoid, 
simple,  5-7  by  2-3^  mic.     On  rocks,  Pennsylvania,  W.  Kalm, 

1882. L.  (jlaucopnara,  Tuckerm.  herb,  ad  int.,  perhaps 

doi^s  not  differ,  except  in  the  at  length  blackening  thallus. 

On   rocks.   New   York,  Miss   Wilson. IVIore  material  is 

needed  for  the  study  of  these  forms.     These  three  [ilauts 
belong  to  the  stock  of  L.  cyrtidia. 


p.  180; 
mcescent 
and  sub- 
centrally 
;hin  van- 
eongluti- 
a  minute, 
\labama. 


Under  Buellia  jmrasemn  is  a  note :  *'  Rewrite  and  notice 
the  large  spores,  and  see  B.  amphidextra  mihi,  and  separate 
B.  Bavenelii."    The  lichens  here  mentioned  I  have  not  seen. 


13.  Platygrapha  phlyctella,  Nyl. ;  "thallus  thin,  white, 
determinate  ;  ai)othecia  rouuded,  or  augular-difform,  greyish- 
pruinose  or  blackening,  within  pale.  Spores  colourless,  fusi- 
form, G-8-locular,  30-4G  by  6-8  mic."     On   bark,    Florida, 

3fiss  Wilson,  in  herb.  Tuckerm. Nyl.  En.  p.  131,  (nomeu) 

Exot.  J).  229,  P>-.  xV.  Gr.  p.  94. 


132 


APPENDIX. 


The  following  arc  tlie  (leHcriptions  of  native  and  exotic 
lichcDH  by  Prof.  Tuckennan  in  his  occasional  writings. 

I .  —  Native   Species. 


1.  Ramalina  crinita,  Tuckerm. ;  "  tbaUus  ca'spitose,  rigid, 
compressed,  sub-dichotoinous,  linear-laciniate,  at  length  niuch 
dilated,  greenish-glaucous,  the  divisions  smooth,  interruptedly 
white-striate,  and  becoming lacunose,  attenuate  at  the  summits, 
and  clothed  at  the  margins  more  or  less  thickly  with  strong, 
solitary  or  clustered,  finally  branched  black  fibrils  ;  apothecia 
middling-sized  to  large,  (.3-10"'"'-  in  width),  subterniinal  aijd 
lateral,  subpodicellate,  varying  as  to  smoothness  as  the  thal- 
lus,  the  margins  blackened.  Spores  oblong-ellipsoid,  l.')-20 
by  5-6  mic.  On  low  shrubs  of  Enphorhia  misera,  San  Diego, 
Calif,  and  at  Todos  Los  Santos,  Lower  Calif.,  C.  R.  Orcutt. 

Comparable  with  R.  melanothrh;,  Laur.  from  the  Cape 

of  Good  Ho[)e.  Its  general  aspect  suggests  the  stock  of  R. 
calicaris," Torrey  Bulletin^  1883,  p.  43. 

2.  Biatora  (§  Bacidia)  medialis,  Tuckerm. ;  "  thallus  of 
soon  plane  confluent  cartilagineous  granules,  diflfract-rimose, 
cinerascent,  confused  with  a  i>ale  hypothallus ;  apothecia 
small,  plano-convex,  from  yellov.  ish  pale-red,  with  an  obscure, 
vanishing  margin.  Spores  from  dactyloid-fusiform,  staff- 
shaped,  oftener  4-locular,  a-lO  times  longer  than  the  diameter. 
Paraphyses  soon  distinct.     On  trunks,  Nicaragua  and  Cuba, 

Wright r Obs.  1864,  p.  280. Nyl.  has  referred  here 

a  lichen  from  Texas,  E.  D.  Mead,  and  Florida,  Eckfeldt, 
Catal.  of  Florida  Lichens,  p.  6.  In  Pr.  N.  Or.  he  gives  the 
spores  as  "  fusiform-acicular,  4-6-locular,  23-27  by  4  mic." 

3.  Graphift  exdectra,  Tuckerm.;  "tiiallus  sub-cortical; 
apothecia  scattered,  oblong  and  linear,  flexuous,  sid)-simple, 
the  rinneform  disk  gajiing,  the  margin  of  the  black  exciple 
inttexed,  white-powdered,  sunk  in  a  margining  thalloid  stratum 
of  the  same  colour.  Spcn'es  (5-8  in  ventricose  thekes,  oblong, 
12-16-locular,  6-8  times  longer  than  the  diameter,  without 


APPENDIX. 


183 


I  exotic 
itings. 


8c,  rigid, 
rtli  much 
ruptedly 
uinmiits, 
1  strong, 
ipothecia 
liual  ai)d 
the  thai- 
id,  15-20 
in  Diego, 
Orcutt. 
the  Cape 
>ck  of  R. 


;hallns  of 
3t-riniosc, 
apotheeia 
\  obscure, 
rm,  staff- 
diameter, 
nd  Cuba, 
rred  here 
Eckfeldt, 
gives  the 
4  mic." 

)-cortical ; 
lb-simple, 
ck  exciple 
id  stratum 
s,  oblong, 
r,  without 


colour,  or  becoming  pale-brown.     Trunks  in  the  White  Mts. : 

Illinois,  E.  Hall. Spores  taking  a  claret  colour,  at  length 

violet,  with  i<xlin«'.  The  diversity  in  the  spores  from  G. 
nrripta,  is  corroborated  by  the  remarkably  dilated,  stroma- 
like,  accessory  exciple,  which  is  comparable  witli  the  accessory 
margin  of  Opeyrapha  herjtetica  v.  snbocellatti^  but  more  pro- 
nounced ;  and  sulHciently  indicates  the  lichen  to  the  naked 
eye." Lick.  Calif,  p.  34. 

4.  Opegrapha  microcydia,  Tnckvrm. ;  "  thallus  crustaceous, 
effuse,  of  minute,  subtartareous,  heaped,  brownish-cineras- 
cent  granules  ;  apotliecia  very  minute,  roimded-sublirelliform, 
superficial,  black,  the  plano-concave  disk  surrounded  with  u 
turgid,  elevated,  inflexed  margin.  On  yellow  bircli  and 
other  trees  in  the  White  Mts.,  and  in  Western  Massachusetts. 
Our  smallest  species,  and  remarkable  for  its  well-developed 
crust ;  the  apotheeia  often  pseudo-lecideine,  but  the  spores 
accord  with  those  of  Opetjrapha."  Tuckerm.  Snp2).  I.  p. 
420,  (O.viyriocarpa),  Obs.  1S64,  ]).  285,  Genera,  p.  199. 

Tlie  lichen  has  not  since  been  collected.     Spores  4-loc., 

without  colour,  13-15  by  5-7  mic. 

5.  0.  oulocheila,  Tuckerm.;  "  thallus  thin,  contiguous, 
glaucescent ;  apotheeia  minute,  superficial,  rounded-difform 
and  oblong,  black,  the  disk  dilated,  plane,  with  a  persistent 

rugulose   margin.     Spores    2-locular,   brown. Apotheeia 

and  spores  in  the  single  specimen  but  half  the  size  of  those 
of  0.  cerebrina ;  from  which  the  present  differs  in  its  crisped 
margin,  and  habitat.     On  granitic  rocks,  Salem,  N.  Car., 

Schvcinitz." Tuckerm.  Lich.  Calif,  p.  32,  Genera,p.  199. 

• The  specimen  in  herb.  Tuckerm.  is  effete  and  without 


apotheeia,  and  a  search  which  he  caused  to  be  made  for  it 
more  recently  proved  ineffectual. 

6.  O.  fn^w/ode.s,  Tuckerm. ;  "  thallus  deficient ;  apotheeia 
parasitic  on  the  crust  of  Trypethelium  cruentum,  minute, 
elliptical  and  oblong,  simple  or  finally  3-4-euspidate,  black, 
the  disk  riiiueforni,  finally  somewhat  dilated,  the  hyj;othecium 
pale.  Spores  H  in  short  oval  or  saccate-clavate  tliekes,  ellii)- 
soid,  2-lo('ular,  constricted  in  the  middle,  brown,  1<>-21  by 
6-9  mic.  ;  paraphyses  subdistinct. Texas,  liavenel.  Ala- 
bama, Dr.  Curtis  and  C.  Mohr." Genera,  p.  199. 


B 


134 


APPENDIX. 


7.  0.  (lemissa,  Tuckerra. ;  "thallusthin,  whitish  or  obsolete  ; 
apothecia  minute,  elliptical,  simple,  white  within,  the  disk  at 
length  somewhat  dilated.  Spores  H  in  clavate  thekes,  2-loc- 
ular,  finally  brown,  constricted  in  the  middle,  lfi-23  by  O-'J 
mie.  Paraphyses  now  distinct."  On  Ehtis  venenata  and 
other  barks,  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Willey.  [Maryland  and 
Virginia,  Dr.  Eckfeldt.']     Genera,  p.  199. 

8.  O.  astra'a,  Tuckerm. ;  "  thallus  compact,  cinerascent 
or  white  or  obsolete,  black-bordered ;  apothecia  superficial, 
plane,  shorter  or  longer,  simple  or  finally  stellate-ranmse,  the 
disk  punctiform  or  rinueform,  and  with  the  demiss  margin 
white-veiled.  Spores  8  in  crowded  thekes,  finger-shaped, 
4-8-locular,  the  cells  squared,  5-7  times  longer  than  the 
diameter,  mostly  without  colour. 

"a;  apothecia  rounded  or  elliptical,  then  oblong,  simple, 
with  a  subpersistent  black  margin. 

"  6  ;  ai)othecia  soon  stellate,  above  clothed  with  white. 

Graj^his,  Nyl.  En.  Siq)]).  On  trunks,  S.  Car.,  Ravenel. 
Cuba,  Wright." Calif,  p.  33,  Genera,  p.  200. 

9.  Arthonia  leucastrce.a,  Tuckerm. ;  "thallus  effuse,  farin- 
aceous, white ;  apothecia  minute,  oblong  and  elongated, 
plane,  reddish-brown,  white-pruinose,  finally  confluent  in  a 
radiate-stellate  pseudo-stroma,  the  hypothecium  darkening. 
Spores  G-H  in  pyriform  tliekes,  ovoid,  4-locular,  the  terminal 
cells  larger,  the  middle  ones  now  and  then  divided,  12-lG  by 
5-7  mic,  without  colour,  the  hymenial  gelatine  finally  red 
with  iodine.     Trunks,  Texas,  Wright." Genera,  jt,  220. 

10.  A.  cupressina,  Tuckerm. ;  "thallus  effuse,  very  thin, 
leprose,  white ;  apothecia  minute  (0™"*-,  2-0""»-,  4  wide) 
rounded,  convex,  from  pale-brown  at  length  darkening, 
green-pruinose,  the  hypothecium  pale.  Spores  oblong-ovate 
or  ovoid-oblong,  4-locular,  the  cells  about  equal,  without 
colour,  11-16  by  1)^-5  mic.     Reaction  with  iodine,  blue.     On 

white  cedar,  New  Bedford,  Mass.,    Willey." Genera,  p. 

221. 

11.  A.  (jlebosa,  Tuckerm.  ;  "thallus  of  tumid,  smooth,  at 
length   plicate   fuscescent  squamules ;    apothecia    rounded, 


APPENDIX. 


186 


convex,  c.  0"""-,  5  wide,  soon  crowded  and  confluent,  black, 
the  hypothc'cium  brownish-black.  Sport'H  ovoid,  or  oblonjj- 
ovoid,  2-locular,  constricted  in  the  middle,  pale-brown  or 
without   colour,   10-16  by  .O-G  niic.     On  mosses  on  rocks, 

Calif.,   Bolander.     Reaction   with   iodine,  vinous-red." 

Genera^  p.  221. 

12.  A.  cyrtodes^  Tuckerm. ;  "thallus  thin,  subcartMapjin- 
eous,  contif?uous,  uneven,  rimulose,  jjlaueous-cinerascent, 
somewhat  limited  by  a  black  hyi)othallii8 ;  apothecia  {•1x)ut 
middle-sized,  adnate,  rounded,  convex,  brownish-black, 
within  of  the  same  colour.  Spores  large,  oblonjj-ellipsoid, 
10-1 2-locular,  the  cells  now  muriform-dividcd,  often  curved, 
3-5   times   longer  than   the   diameter,  colourU'ss  or   rarely 

fuscidulous,  paraphyses  obsolete. A.  cyrtodes  &  A.  dts- 

tendens,  Nyl.  Pr.  N.  Gr.  p.  66. 

"  a ;  thallus  greenish-glaucescent,  the  hypothallus  less 
distinct,  the  spores  oblong-ellipsoid,  the  cells  entire.  A. 
cyrtodes,  Nyl.  1.  c.     On  trunks,  Cuba,  Wright,  n.  245. 

"  6 ;  thallus  at  length  cinerascent,  the  hypothallus  black, 
the  spores  more  oblong,  and  the  cells  now  nmriform-divided. 

A.  distendens,  Nyl.  1.  c.     Cuba,  Wright,  n.  246." Obs. 

1864,  p.  285. The  spores,  according  to  Nyl.  1.  c,  are 

8-12-locular,  70-85  by  21-25  mic. A  Cuban  lichen,  which 

may  be  looked  fcr  within  our  limits.  A.  subcyrtodes,  WiUey 
Supp.  is  near  to  this,  but  has  smaller  spores,  4-8  in  the 
thekes.     v>n  bark,  Florida. 

13.  Chiodecton  Califoi'iiicutn,  Tnckcrm. ;  "  thallus  subtar- 
tareous,  verruculose,  pale  ochroleucous  ;  apothecia  lecanoroid, 
adnate,  somewhat  plane,  the  exterior  exciple  with  an  obtuse 
entire  thalline  margin  including  a  black  disk  cloth«d  with  a 
perforated  veil  of  the  same  colour  as  the  margin,  at  length 
flexuous-irregular,  stellate  and  lirellate.  Spores  from  dacty- 
loid-ellipsoid,  4-8-locular,  brown,  20-30  by  5-8  mic.  On  bark, 
San  Diego,  Calif.,  Z>r.  E.  Palmer.  Apothecia  now  suggesting 
those  of  Chiodecton  sphft^rale."     On  bark,  San  Diego,  Calif., 

Dr.   E.   Palvier. Thelotrema  deiu   (in  litt.)   Chiodecton^ 

Obs.  1877,  p.  177. 

14.  C.  Montagnoei,  Tuckerm. ;  "  thallus  effuse,  granulose, 


i '.; 


136 


APPENDIX. 


glaucous,  the  circumference  cottony  aud  white ;  apotheeia 
rounded,  confluent,  depressed,  plano-convex,  white,  tlie 
ostioles  in  the  dry  plant  white-veiled,  when  moistened  serially- 
aggregated  and  prominent.  Spores  immature."  C.  lacteum 
Mont.  Cub.  p.  161.  *»  Spores  8,  in  obovate  thekes,  oblong- 
ovoid,  muriform-multilocular,  2-3i}  times  longer  than  broad. 

Louisiana,  Hale." Geneva^  p.  215. Moiitagne's  name 

is  changed  to  avoid  confusion  with  C.  lacteum,  Vie,  a  different 
plant. 

15.  Olyphis  Achariana,  Tuckerm. ;  "tliallus  effuse, 
smooth,  greenish-fuscescent ;  apotheeia  subsolitary,  rounded- 
subangulose,  or  radiate-ramose  and  contlueiil,  medusiliform, 
dark-brown,  plano-concave.  Spores  oblong,  7-10-locular, 
witliout    colour,   3-6   times   longer   than   v/ide.      On   bark, 

Southern  States.' Sujip.  I.  p.  429,  Oenera,  p.  216.     G. 

favuloaa  and  O.  cicatricosa,  Ach.  aud  O.  confiuens,  (Ach.) 
Nyl. 

16.  Acolium  Carolinianum,  Tuckenn. ;  "thallustartareous, 
even,  or  at  length  rugulose-riujose,  from  glaucescent  pale 
yellow ;  apotheeia  innate  in  tumid  thalline  warts,  the  disk 
plano-convex,  black,  the  margin  deficient.  Spores  ellipsoid, 
2-locular,  brown,  12-18  by  7-9  mic.  On  cedar  logs,  S.  Car., 
Dr.  Mellichamp." Genera,  p.  237. 

17.  A.  chloroconium,  Tuckerm.;  "thallus  thin,  plicate- 
verruculose,  glaucescent ;  apotheeia  innate-prominent,  black, 
the  disk  yellowish-green-powdery,  exceeding  the  yellow  at 
length  black  margin.  Spores  in  cylindrical  thekes,  small, 
obtusely-ellipsoid,  constricted  in  the  middle,  brown,  7-12  by 

5-6  mic.      On  bark,   California." Lich.    Calif,  p.   28, 

Genera,  p.  238. 

18.  A.  Bolanderi,T\xckG.rtti.;  "  thallus  areolate-verrucose, 
fulvous-cinereous,  witha  subflmbriate  blackening  hypothallus  ; 
apotheeia  innate  in  tumid  warts,  the  disk  somewhat  plane, 
black,  the  margin  obsolete.  Spores  in  cylindrical  thekes, 
spherical,  simple,  brown,  8-16  mic.  in  diameter.  On  rocks, 
Calif. ,  Bolander.  Spermatia  oblong,  3-3^  times  longer  than 
wide." Lich.  Calif,  p.  27,  Genera,  p.  237. 


APPENDIX. 


137 


19.  A.  Sti.  Jacobi,  Tuckerm. ;  "tlinlhiH  of  white  prnnulos 
soon  compacted  into  a  eliinky  cniMt ;  npothetia  intddling* 
sized,  of  the  substance  and  colour  of  the  tlmUus,  ntore  or  less 
turbinate,  the  interior  excii>le  yellow,  the  dink  more  or  \vh» 
protrudeil,  black,  but  on  the  surface  yeHowish-jrreen.  Spores 
(thekes  not  observed)  rounde<l  and  sliort-ellipHoi<i,  2-h)cubir, 
20-40  by  16-.'U)  mic.  f)n  the  earth,  Lower  ("alif.,  C.  O. 
Pringle." Ihrrey  Bull.  18S0,  p.  22. 

20.  Calicinm  Curti.Hii,  Tuckerm. ;  "  thailuH  cottony, 
black,  or  obsolete;  apthecia  minute,  turbinate,  the  disk 
polished,  black,  the  stipes  short,  from  white  rufescent,  finally 
black.  Spores  simple  or  2-locular,  brown,  1 1-17  by  4-7  mic." 
On  RhustypJdna,  Northern  Atlantic  States,  various  collectors. 
Supj).  II.  J).  201,  Gen».ra,  p.  241. 

[The  plant  referred  to  under  this  name  in  Genera,  I.  c,  on 
alders  in  the  White  Mts.,  Willey,  appears  to  be  C. pnfcedenH, 
Nyl.] 

21.  C.  fuscijtes,  Tuckerm.;  "  thallus  obsolete;  apothecia 
turbinate-lentiform,  the  disk  convex,  black  beneath,  and  the 
upper    portion    of    the   brown   stipes    as   if    thinly   white- 

■  varnished.  Spores  ellipsoid  or  oblong-ellipsoid,  simple, 
brown,  9-lG  by  4-7  mic. On  dead  wood.  New  Jersey,  Aus- 
tin, Canada,  Drummond." Genera  p.  240. 

22.  C.  RaveneUi,  Tuckerm.;  "thallus  granulose,  glau- 
cescent ;  apothecia  turbinate-globose,  the  incurved  margin 
radiate -striate,    the    stipes    stout,    short,    l)rownish-black. 

Spores  ellipsoid  or  fusiform-ellipsoid,  simple. On  wootl, 

S.  Car.  RaveneV Obs.  18G0,p.  380,  Genera  p.  241. 

PyrenotJiamnia,  Tuckerm.  "Apothecia  immersed  in  the 
thftUus,  the  perithecium  fuscescent,  the  amphithccium  colour- 
less, the  paraphyses  diflluent  and  obsolete.  Spores  1-2-4  in 
saccate-clavate  thekes,  ellipsoid,  niuriform-nudtilocular. 
30-5G  by  10-24  mic,  brown,  the  traiiHverse  series  oi  cells 
about  4.  Thallus  fruticulose,  cjvspitose,  about  1-2  inch  in 
height,  2-4  '"™-  wide,  fragile,  frouj  a  teretish  base  diluted 
above  and  dichotomously  much-branched,  the  ol>tuse  tips 
crenate-dentate,  from  cinerascent  fuscescent." 


138 


APPENDIX. 


23.  P.  Spragnei,  Tuckerm. ;  "growing  on  inosaofl  on 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mts.,  Washington  Terr., 
alt.  3500-GOOO  ft.  T.  S.  Brandegee."  Torrey  Bull.  1883, 
p.  22. 

24.  Endocarpon  och'oleucu/n,  Tnckerm. ',  "thallus  thick, 
areolate-diffract,  yellowish-green,  the  areoles  smooth,  tur- 
gpscent,  crowded,  the  central  ones  substipitate,  those  of  the 
circumference  lobulate  ;  apothecia  immersed,  the  perithecium 
black,  the  amphithecium  blackening.  Spores  G-8  in  lanceolate 
thekes,  boat-shaped,  bilocular,  the  cells  approximate,  pale- 
brownish-black,  18-26  by  3^-5^  mic. Rocks,  Calif.  Bo- 
lander." Oenera  p.  250. [^Dr.  J.  Midler  in  Beitr.  n. 

978,  considers  it  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  Hktkuocaki'on.] 

25.  Staurothele  Drummondii,  Tuckerm. ;  "  thallus  de- 
terminate, subcartilagineous,  rugose-verrucose,  radiate-sub- 
plicate  at  the  circumference,  blackish-brown,  the  hypothallus 
indistinct ;  apothecia  sunk  in  minute  thalline  wdrts,  with  a 
prominent  black  ostiole.  Spores  (1-2?)  in  saccate  thekes, 
from  cocciform  oblong,  muriform-multilocular,  blackish- 
brown,  80-40    by    11-20    mic. Lime    rocks,    Kingston, 

Canada,  Drur/hmond."      Obs.  1864,  p.  280.   {Verrucaria,) 
Gpnera  p.  257. 

26.  S.  circivata,  Tuckerm.;  "thallus  crustaceous,  or- 
bicular, thin,  contiguous,  smooth,  or  at  length  rimose,  zonate 
at  the  circumference,  olivaceous-brown,  the  hy|)othallus 
darkening,  fimbriate ;  apothecia  concentrically  disposed, 
protuberant,  the  perithecium  soon  naked,  black,  the  amphi- 
thecium white.  Spores  1-2,  ellipsoid,  muriform-multilocular, 
brown,  34-46  by  16-20  mic.  Lime  rock,  Trenton  Falls, 
N.  Y." Oenera  p.  257. 

27.  /S.  Jb.-antZegreei,  Tuckerm. ;  "  thallus  fruticulose,  S-G""'"- 
in  height,  erect,  of  rounded,  finger-shaped  branchlets^  soon 
compressed  and  dilated  and  lobed  above  in  a  verrucose  more 
or  less  stiped  crust,  brown,  paler  beneath  ;  apothecia  globose. 
Spores  solitary,  muriform-multilocular,  blackish-brown,  26-50 

by   20-24  mic,  the  paraphyses  diffluent. Mountains   of 

Washington  Terr.  Brandegee  in  herb.  Sprague." Toi'r. 

Bull.  1884,  p.  26. 


APPENDIX. 


139 


lOBsefl  on 
m  Terr., 
ill.  1883, 


us  thick, 
oth,  tur- 
I8C  of  the 
rithecinni 
aneeolate 
ite,  pale- 
'alif.  Bo- 
Beitr.  n. 

ICAUI'ON.] 

alius  (le- 
(liate-8ub- 
yrpotlmllus 
;8,  with  a 
;e  thekes, 

blackish- 
Kingston, 

rucan'tt,) 


ieous,  or- 
le,  zonate 
tothallus 
isposcd, 
le  aniphi- 
tilocular, 
on  Falls, 


se,  S-S""""- 
ets^  soon 
ose  more 
globose, 
wn,  26-50 
itains  of 
—  TojT. 


2ft.  Tnffiethfilium  vtren.<»,  Tuckerm.  ;  ''thallus  thin,  smooth, 
greenish-yellow ;  stromas  rather  prominent,  irregularly 
ronniled,  conHuent,  of  the  same  colour  as  the  crui-it ;  ostioles 

minute,    not   prominent,    black." Darlington,    Ft.  Ceittr. 

Edit.  3,  p.  4rh'i.    Nyl.  Pr.  N.  Or.  p.  128.     Tuckerman,  Gen. 

p.  200. Trees  along  the  Atlantic  coast  North  and  South. 

Spores  in  the  New  Bedford  specimens  oblong,  4-8  locular 
25-50  by  9-15  mic,  without  colour. 

29.  T.  mastoideun,,  Ach. ;  "thallus  thin,  fusccsccnt,  or 
from  cinereous,  olivaceous  or  yellow,  becoming  pale,  black 
bordered ;  stromas  brown,  irregularly  angular  or  now  con- 
fluent, convex,  gibbose-uneven,  the  jn'rithecia  at  length 
prominent,  naked,  emergent,  within  yellow-cinerascent  or 
blackening.     Spores    oblong-ellipsoid,   4  locular,    18-22   by 

7-8  mic." ()n   bark.  Southern  Atlantic  States. Ach. 

L.  U.  p.  307,  Sj/n.  p.  305.  T.  Carolinianum,  Tuckerm. 
Siijtpl.  I,  p.  420,  and  T.  scoria  Nyl.,  Pyrenoc.  p.  74 
(excl.  syn.)  and  Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  300,  fide  .1.  Miiller, 
Pyrenocarp.  Cubens.  (1885),  p.  390.  Wright,  Ct^b.  n. 
107,  108,  &c.,  ib.  I.  c. 

30.  T.  Catervarium,  (F6e)  Tuckerm.;  "very  variable; 
stromas  at  first  not  white,  but  pale  ferruginose-ftiscescent, 
then  pale-decoiorate,  broader  or  narrower,  sometimes  linear, 
variously  elongated,  or  only  forming  a  narrow  pale  ring  about 
the  apothecia,  of  which  the  ostioles  are  minutely  punctiform, 
but  which  are  sometimes  more  visible  above."  Spores  ellip- 
soid, 4  locular,  colourless,  14-16  by  5^-7  mic. Verrucaria 

Fee  Ess.  p.  90,  t.  22,  f.  1,  Nyl.  l^ren.  p.  52.  Trypethelium, 
Tuckerm.  Gen.  p.  200,  Miiller,  1.  c.p.  391.  Wright  Cub.  n. 
159,  179,  &c. Trunks,  Alabama.     Beaumont. 

31.  r.  sconces,  Tuckerm.  •  "  thallus  a  pale  spot;  apothe- 
cia in  fuscescent,  irregularly  rv^unded  or  difform,  convex 
stronif.s,  within  white,  perithecia  black,  the  ostioles  scarcely 
perceptible.  Spores  6-8  locular,  oblong,  without  colour, 
42-52  by  12-17  mic."     Nyl.  Pr.  N.  Gr.  p.  128.    Tuckerm. 

Gen.  p.  200. On  trunks,  Mississippi  and  N.  Car.,  M.  A. 

Curtis,  in  herb.  Tuckerm, 


140 


APPENDIX. 


32.  T.  exocantliwn,  Tiickerm. ;  "thalliis  subcortical: 
apothecia  black,  in  nii  elevated  hcinittphcrical  Bub^lulmsc 
stroina  n'hich  \h  white  within.  Sporos  ublong,  without 
colour,  41 -4(;  by  U-12  iiiic.  Trunks,  Alabama  and  Louisiana." 
Gen.  p.  200. 

[T.  jiallencensy  (JY-e)  Nyl.  in  Tuckcnn.  Gen.  p.  260,  is,  ac- 
cording to  Miiller,  I.  c.  p.  302,  T.  ochroleucum,  Nyl.  v.  jtal- 

lescens. 2\  heterochronm  (Mont.)  referred  to  in  Gen.  p. 

260  is  T.  Kunzd,  tV'e,  Miiller,  1.  c.  p.  3J)(). On  Ilex,  Flor- 
ida, E.  A.  Ran. Pyrenula  tropica  {Ach.)  Tuckerni.  Gen. 

p.  273,  and  P.  aggreyata  (Ft^e),  ib.  I.  c.  p.  274,  are  referred 
by  Miiller,  /.  c.  j).  303,  and  306,  to  Trypethelium ;  the  lat- 
ter to  Melanotheca,  which  is  only  Trypethelium  with  simply 
4  locular  coloured  spores.] 

33.  Sagedia  Cestrensis,  Tuckerin. ;  "  thallus  conspicuous, 
chinky,  dark-blackish-greeu ;  i)erithecia  dinudiate,  inflexed 
at  the  base,  nuich  covered  by  the  thallus,  but  prominent, 
hemispherical ;  Spores  from  fusiform  acicular,  30-50  by  2^-5 
mic,  or  even  72-118  by  3-4  mic,  without  colour."  On 
trunks,  Atlantic  states,  north  and   south :   [and  on  rocks, 

New  Bedford,  Willey.'\ Darlington,  Fl.  Ceat.  Edit.  3,  p. 

452.    Gen.  p.  265. 

34.  Verrttcaria  microbola,  Tuckerm. ;  '*  thallus  of  minute, 
rounded,  olivaceous,  becoming  grayish,  commonly  discrete, 
granules ;  apothecia  minute,  less  than  half  the  size  of  those 
of  V.  pyrenophora.     Spores  ovoid,  4  locular,  23-30  by  9-11 

mic. Ou  lime   rocks,  Canada,   Druvimond." Genera 

p.  260. 

35.  Pyrennla  mamillana,  (Ach.)  Trev. ;  "thallus  mem- 
branaceous, smooth,  pale-fuscous-green,  black  bordered." 
AcJi.  Syu.  ;..  02.  "  Apothecia  deplanate,  obtusely  umbonate, 
often  subplicate."  IVIiiller,  Pi/r.  Cub.  p.  411.  "Spores  ellip- 
soid 4  locular,  brown,  16-18  by  7-8  mic."     Nyl.  Pr.  N.  Gr. 

2).  117. Verrucaria  Santensis  Tuckerm.  in  Nyl.  Pyrenoc. 

p.  45,  {var.  V.  aggregate),  dem  Pr.  N.  Gr.  117  (sub.  sp. 

V.  inarginatm) .  P.  mamillana  v.  iSantensis,  Tuckerm. 
Gen.  p.  274.  Miiller  ?.  c.  ;>.  411,  Beitr.  n.  487.  Wright^ 
Cub,  n.  43,  46,  &c. Ou  bark,  Southern  States, 


r      , 


APPENDIX. 


HI 


3fi.  P.  jHwhycheila^  Tuckerm. ;  '^thallus  Bul)corttcAl ; 
aputheein  covered,  either  solitary,  tuinid-proniinent,  or  sev- 
eral aggregated  in  difforin  warts,  blaclc,  the  paraphysos 
ca))illary.  Spores  8,  from  ellipsoid  oblong,  submuriform- 
nniltilociilnr,  (the  transverse  series  of  cells  8-10,  the  longi- 
tudinal 2-3)  becoming  brown,  30-«)9  by  14-23  mic." Gen. 

j).  274,  where  see  the  synonomy. Trunks,  Southern  States. 

37.  P.  thelomor}>ha,  Tucke.in. ;  like  the  preceding,  but 
with  smaller  apothecia,  and  the  spores  not  exceeding  23-30 
by  7-11  mic. Oenernp.  275. 

38.  Pyrenastrum  Ravenelii,  Tuckerm.;  "thallus  mem- 
branaceous, thin,  somewhat  waxy,  f uscescent ;  warts  conoid- 
elevated,  covered  with  the  thallus,  but  at  length  naked,  the 
perithecia  flask-shaped,  convergent  but  not  confluent,  the 
ostiok'S  pale,  acute.  Spores  8,  ellipsoid,  muriform-multi- 
locular,  the  transverse  cells  8-10,  the  longitudinal  at   the 

niid<lle  5-G,  (38-76  by  16-27  mic.) On  trunks,  Southern 

States. Sui)p.  I.,  p.  420,  Gen.  p.  277. 


'm 


NOTE. 

Buellia  Catawbensis,  Willey  Supp.  is  to  be  called  Der- 
matiscum  Catawbense  (Willey)  Nyl.  inlitt.  ad  II.  A.  Green. 
Dermntiscum  is  a  genus  founded  upon  Eiidocarjx>n  Thun- 
bergii,  Ach.  Syn.,  p.  101  ^  a  South  African  lichen.  It  is 
placed  by  Nylander,  in  his  Synopsis,  among  the  Lecanorei, 
just  before  Urceolaria.  A  definition  of  the  genus  was  given 
by  Nylander  in  Mold  &  de  Bary's  Bot.  Zeit.,  1867,  p.  133. 
1  have  not  seen  it.  UinbilicariaJlavO'Vircscens,  Leight.,  in 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  1869,  pp.  33-35,  is  a  synonym  of  the 
African  plant. 


142 


APPENDIX. 

II.  —  Exotic    S  p  k  c  i  k  s  . 


i  i: 


1.  Jtnmalina  ditMyjtotja^  Tuckcrni. ;  tlinlliiH  titaiiK'iitoiiH, 
BtitiiHb,  fruji^ilc,  rouii<l,  miiiooIIi,  );n'i>tiiHli-fuH(TH(*i>iit  and 
paler,  tla>  hninchcH  cloD^^utcd,  (licliotoiiioiiH,  the  tciiniiml 
oiiL'H  nciiiiiiimU;,  ikxIiiIohc  ;  npotliccia  euiicavc,  then  phiiie, 
with  a  thin  incurved  Hiiberenuhite  vnniHiiiii^  margin.     Sporeu 

ellipuoid,  curved,  2-locuhir,  2  tinicH  longer  tlian  broad. 

On  trees  and  rockn,  Cuba,  Wrujht.  Allied  to  li.  UHneoiden, 
Nyl. Sujtp.  2,  p.  208. 

2.  II.  Manni,  Tuckerm. ;  thalluH  s'lbfoliaccous,  depressed, 
laccrate-lacininte,  glaucouH,  beneath  1)laekening,  the  hu-iniie 
lacunoHC,  crenate-dentate  at  the  nuirgin,  the  fertile  ones 
ercctiuh ;  apothecia  podicellate,  the  margin  vaniHhing. 
Spores  H,  small,  2-locular,  curved,  2-2^  times  longer   than 

broad. Trees,   East   IMaui,   Mann. Exhibits   a   close 

approach  to  the  foliaceous  thallus  of  Cetraria ;  and  the  de- 
pressed habit  and  differently-coloured  sides  are  new  to  the 
present  genus,  with  which  it  is  none  the  less  associated  by 
the  characters  of  fructification. Haw.  j>.  223. 

3.  Alectoria  Japonica,  Tuckerm.  ;  thallus  subciuspitose, 
round,  rigid,  beset  with  white  soredia,  strawcoloured,  the 
sterile  branches  very  nuich  branching,  intertwined,  attenuate, 
subfilamentose,  the  fertile  ones  thickened,  blackening  at  the 
tips  ;  apothecia  suV)tcrminal,  superficial,  sessile,  appendiculate, 
the  disk  concave,  finally  expanded,  shining,  chestnut- 
coloured.     Spores   large,   ellipsoid,  greenish-fuscescent,   at 

length  without  colour. On  dead  pine  trees,  Ayan,  Japan, 

Wright.  Nearest  to  A.  ochroleuca. -S^u/jp.  ^,  P-  201. 

4.  Parmelia  Japonica,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  foliaceous-im- 
bricate,  subcoriaceous,  smooth,  glaucescent,  the  laciniw 
sinuate-multifid,  moniliform-constricted,  plano-convex,  pal- 
mate-cristulate  at  the  apex,  beneath  white,  interruptedly 
covered  with  spongiose-pannose  fuscous-black  pulvinules : 
apothecia  middling-sized,  brown,  with  an  incurved  subcrenate 

margin.    Spores  not  found. On  birch  trunks  in  mountains, 

Japan,  WrigJU.     Compared  to  P.  moniliformis  Bab.  N.  Zeal, 
p.  23,  t.  127,  f.  3,  and  P.  physodes. 06s.  2S62,  p.  399, 


^1 


APPKNniX. 


143 


/).  P.  cerviroruiti,  Tuckerin.  ;  thailim  foliacoouH,  horizon* 
tal,  n|>)>r('HH«>«|,  cartiln^iiicoiiH,  Htii*M>th,  ^lnii(*fHCi>nt,  of 
l(M>M>ly-iiiil>ri('nt('<i,  floii^ntod-liiuuir,  |)liinu*coiu'nv«>  l«il»os« 
which  tin-  irrt'^iihirl y  (licliotonioiiM,  uikI  witli  forkfd,  <liv(>r};i>nt« 
ohtum'  tipw  ;  Ix'iuMith  lihu-k,  and  oovorctl  ratiu-r  sparHoly  with 
Hiiiall  impilhc,  imHHiii};,  (>H|i(>ciaIly  at  the  niar^^iiiH,  into 
hranclicil,  dcuHcly-crowdiMl  llltriln  ;  apothccia  hirm',  »'U'vat«'d- 
Huh|>4Mru*(*lIat(s  Hciitolhi'fonn,  at  h>n^tli  t>x|>laiiat(>,  the  diHk 
dark  chcMtniit,  tlu>  entire  margin  at  leii^tli  eoarHely  ereimtc. 

SporeH    largiwh,  ovoid-tUipHoid. Sandwich    iHlundu. 

Wilken  Exp.  p.  140  and  t.  2,f.  1-0. 

fi.  Sticta  Pivkeringii,  Tuckenn.  ;  thalluH  cartilagineous, 
Hinootii,  <;laueouH-t1aveKcent  or  at  h'n^th  darker,  the  h>lies 
rounded  and  sinuate-hiciniate,  bexet  at  the  margin  with  U»af- 
lets  nnd  eoralloid  branchlets ;  1)eneath  tonientoHP,  yellowish- 
brown,  becoming  blackiwh  at  the  centre.  Cyplielln^  pnncti- 
form ;  apothecia  middling-Hized,  podicellate,  the  disk  at 
lengtii  convex,  reddiHJi-black,  externally  ruguloBc-papillatc. 
New  Zealand.     Wilkes  Erp.  ViS  &  If.  0. 

6.  Stkta  Wii(jhtii,  Tnckerni.  ;  thallus  snbcoriaceons,  op- 
pressed, smooth,  greenish-glaucescent,  the  lucinitp  rounded, 
sinuate-incised,  beneath  brown,  jmlc  at  the  circumference, 
tonientose,  the  cyphelhe  plano-concave,  white ;  apothecia 
scattered,  elevated,  mannnilate  externally,  from  concave 
])lane,  the  margin  indexed,  irregular,  sub-evanescent.  Spores 
broadly  fusiform,  2  locular,  brown,  T)  tinu'S  U)nger  than  broad. 

Trees,  Japan,    Wriyht. Supp.  -,  ;>•  204.     Jiicasolia^ 

Nyl.  Syn.  I.tl>'  ^fi^»-     Spores  oy-dH  by  7J-H  mic. 

8.  Sticta  crocata  v.  mallota,  Tuckenn.,  Syn.  I.,  p.  100. 

9.  Peltigera  polydactyla  v.  Fuegensis,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus 
blackish-green,  the  lobes  narrow,  beneath  eJibrillose,  tonien- 
tose, reticulate  with  thick  veins  ;  ai)othec!:i  horizontal,  brown- 
ish black. Orange  Harbor,   Wilkes  Ivxp.  j).  138,   and  t. 

l,f.5. 

10.  Eriodei'mavelligerum,  Tuckerm. ;  news  ub-sp. ;  thallus 
imbricate,  cinerascent,  the  lobes  ascendant,  rounded,  sinuate- 
incised,  the  margins  somewhat  crisped  and  densely  hirsute, 


144 


APPENDIX. 


i»ulphur-colore<l  Wmatli ;  A|M)tliPcia  (2-4"""-  wide)  niArginal, 
oxtcnuilly  liirHUtc,  the  illHk  fiiMj't'Hwnt.  SixiroH  M,  i-oiiii<Um|> 
cllipHoid,  Hiiiiplis  !>-!<!  by  H.|()  mic.  Hli^^htly  coUuircd  in  tlio 

i)i(>ki*H,   tlit'n    witluxit  cohmr. Slion-H   of   tin*  StiaitH  of 

Mnj^cllttu,  Dr.  ThomaH  Hill,  (HiiHHlor  Kxp.  1H72).  N»'nr 
to  E.  Chilense,  Mont. Obn.  1S77,  p.  lOH. 

11.  ^.  Wrifjhtii,  Tuckerni. ;  tlialluH  corincoouH,  thick, 
soft,  tonientoHO,  ^r«u»niHh-fuHct'Hct'nt,  the  loheH  Honicwhtit 
narrowed,  deeply  Hinimte-divided,  roiinded<erenAte  ut  tlie 
eircuniference,  henenth  covere«l  with  a  (U-nwe  fimcouH-blnek 
tonientoHe  and  HpongioHe-pannoHe  hypothulhiH ;  apotheeia 
ptMlicellate,  Bub-niarginally  attached  to  discoid  lobules. 
Trees,  Cuba,  Wriytit. f<»pp.  i,i>.  423. 

.12.  Pammria  Taylori,  Tuckerm. ;  Torrey  linUctin,  lff75^ 
]).  .^7,  ilescribed  from  a  specimen  collected  by  Hooker,  in 
herb.  Taylor,  is  F.  placoilopais  Nyl.  .lour,  of  Bot.  Nov.  1>^75, 
and  Lecanora  dichroa,  Tayl. Obs.  1S77,  p.  183. 

13.  P.  glaiicella,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  foliaceous,  cartilagi- 
ncous,  closely  appressed,  glaucous-cincrasceut,  beneath  pale, 
the  hypothallus  obsolete;,  the  lobes  radiant,  sid)entire : 
apotheeia  O™""-  6-8  wide,  lecauorine,  adnate,  the  demiss 
margin  entire,  the  disk  at  length  convex,  fuscous-black. 
Spores  immature.  Elongated  cells  of  medullary  layer  com- 
pact. Gonimia  4-9 '""'•  in  diameter,  in  chains  often  of  4-10. 
As  the  preceding,  Dr.  Kidder,  1875,  I.  c.  p.  57,  and  Oba. 
1877,  p.  183. 


14.  P.  symptychia,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  foHaceous,  mem- 
branaceous-cartilagineous,  ca?spitose-polyphyllous,  livid-fus- 
cescent,  the  lobes  sinuate-repaud,  flexuous,  complicated, 
beneath  naked,  brown  ;  hypothallus  obsolete  ;  apotheeia  (c. 
1  """•  wide)  biatorine,  sessile,  the  brown  thin  margin  very 
entire,  the  disk  convex,  black,  opake.  Spores  8,  ellipsoid, 
simple,  colourless,  9-16  by  7-10  mic,  the  distinct  paraphyses 
somewhat  thickened.      Gonimia  disposed    in    short  chains. 

Rocks,  Island  of  Juan  Fernandez,  Hassler  Exp.  1872. 

Obs.  1877,  p.  168. 


APPKNDIX. 


U6 


15.  PhyndUia  Wrightii,  Tuokerm.  ;  tlialliis  foll»c«Mm*, 
BulNirhicular,  thin  or  narrowly  IoIhmI  ;  UMwrly  <>r  fl<»««'ly  iuibrl- 
cat('(?,  irri>)(tilarly  and  aUivo  Honiowhat  palniatfly  niuny-cU'ft, 
BcmfinK  <>i>t  livrc  an<l  tluTc  toroU>,  ttiniplf ,  or  rarely  a  liltl«> 
hrnnclml,  finally  crowdinl,  eoralloid  l>ranelil«'tM  ;  from  pale- 
grconiMli  ^reoniMh-Htrawooloiircd :  hy|>otlialluH  of  (U-licato, 
colourU'HH,  niiieh-branehcil,  anaittoniizing  flIainentM  ;  a|H>tlic(>ia 
BcattertMl,  niiddling-Hized,  or  largiHli ;  tho  indexed  i»li<»t»>-cren- 
ulatc  nuirftin  l>eeuiuin}{  t1cxuou8-lobulatt>,  the  diuk  luiked, 
waxy,  from  palc-yollow  toorangccoloured.  Si)oro8  H  in  clnh- 
sliapcd  thekcH,  HmalliHh,  colourleBH,  needle-shaped,  Rommonly 
4,  but  at  length  plurilo<;ular,  K-lti  timcH  hMiger  than  wide; 

paraphyseH  indiHtinct.     Trees,  Cuba,  Wrhjht. /  Vhym'ia^ 

Supp.  2,  p.  204,  then  Phyacidia,  Oba.  lSti2,  p.  4<)0. 

Ifi.  P.  squamuloaa,  Tuckerm. ;  thallns  crnstaceouH,  of 
minute,  roundish,  Hcr.ie-like  granules,  scattered  over  a  fibril- 
lose,  radiant,  at  length  byH^  ne-paiinose  hyi)othallus  ;  a|)othe- 
cia  plane,  crenu!ate,  then  llexuous-lobulate,  orangeeoloured. 
SiK)re8  needle-shaped,  very  slender,  6-12  times  longer  than 

broad. As  the  preceding,  /.   c.  p.  401. The   author 

observes  that  large  sets  of  both  lichens  afforded  no  clear  in- 
dication of  the  passage  of  one  into  the  other,  but  that  such 
passage  appeared  probable.  A  MS.  note  of  his,  however,  in 
my  copy,  says  of  the  latter :  "  a  remarkable  variety  but  not 
a  species." 

17.  Omphnlaria  leptophylla,  Tuckerm. ;  tlmllus  membrana- 
ceous-cartilagiueouB,  smooth,  blackish-green,  beneatli  of 
nearly  the  same  colour,  divided  from  the  centre  into  rounded, 
spreading,  undulate  soon  sinuate  lobes  which  are  broader  at 
the  sunnuit :  apothecia  minute,  submarginal,  innate-promi- 
nent, tuberculiform,  at  length  pale,  the  disk  puuctiform. 
Spores  8  in  long-davate  thekes,  ellipsoid  or  oblong-ellipsoid, 
simple,  colourless,  guttated,  1^-2^  times  longer  than  wide; 

paraphyses  distinct,   filiform. Hocks  in   rivulets,   Cul)a, 

Wright. 06s.  1862,  p.  384. 

18.  O.  lingulata,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  subcartilagineous, 
greenish-fuscescent  and  blackening,  umbilicate-altixed,  di- 
vided into  spathulate-oblong,  subsimple,  plano-convex  IoIm's, 
which   are   darker   beneath ;    apothecia    scattered,    minute, 


146 


APPENDIX. 


innate,  pale,  the  impresse^l  disk  Burronnded  Anally  with  a 
somewhat  conspicuous  entire  margin.  Sjiwres  8  in  clavatc 
thekes,  colourless,  simple,  guttated,  2-3  times  longer  tlian 

wide.     Gouimia  glomerulate. Uocks,  Cuba,  Wright,  I.  c. 

p.  384. 

19.  0.  Wrightii,  Tuckerm. ;  Cuba.  Described  in  Oenera, 
p.  72. 

20.  0.  deusta,  Tuckerm. ;  Cuba.    Genera,  p.  73. 

21.  0.  C«?>awa,  Tuckerm. ;  Cuba      Genera,  p.  83. 

22.  Collemn  stellatum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineoi  , 
firm,  greenisli-glaucescent,  of  narrow,  sparingly  and  irregu- 
larly branched  convex  lobules,  their  tips  either  simple,  or  at 
length  forked,  or  even  fastigiately  divided ;  apothecia 
middling-sized,  convex.     Spores  8,  broad-fusiform,  2  locu- 

lar,   3-3^  times  longer  than   wide. Wet    rocks,   Cuba, 

Wright. Obs.  1862,  p.  388. 

23.  Placodium  erythranthum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  uniform, 
thin,  rimulose,  whitish-glaucescent :  apothecia  middling- 
sized,  sessile,  the  disk  plane,  dark  orangecoloured,  with  a 
thin,  crenulate,  thallinc  margin.     Spores  8,  ellipsoid,  polar- 

bilocular,   2-2^  times  longer  than  wide. Trees,   Cuba, 

Wrigfit,  I.  c.  p.  402. 

24.  P.  phoRum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  subcartilagineous, 
smooth,  soon  interruptedly  subareolate,  greenish-glaucescent, 
on  a  conspicuous  black  hypothallus  ;  apothecia  sessile,  biato- 
rine,  plano-convex,  the  disk  brown,  the  very  entire  margin 
of   nearly   the  same  colour.     Spores  small,  ovoid-ellipsoid, 

polar-bilocular,  1^-2=5^  times  longer  than  wide. Calcareous 

rocks,  Cuba,  Wright. 06s.  1864,  p.  266,  and  Lich.  Cub. 

n.  112. 


25.  P.  ferrnginosum,  Tuc!:.erm. ;   thallus  uniform,  rimose 
areolate,  orangecoloured,  the  areoles  now  uud  then  lobulate, 
the  hypothallus  black  ;  apothecia  0.0-0.9  """•  wide,  biatorine. 


APPENDIX. 


147 


with  a 

clavfttc 

;er  tlmn 

fht,  I.  c. 


Oeneray 


3. 

Lgineoi  , 
d  irregu- 
>le,  or  at 
ipotbecia 
,  2  locu- 
st  Cuba, 


uniform, 
niddling- 
,  with  a 
id,  polar- 
,   Cuba, 


agmeous, 
ucescont, 
ile,  biato- 
e  margin 
ellipsoid, 
alcareous 
dch.  Cub. 


,  rimose 
lobulate, 
biatorine, 


sessile,  fcrrugineous   and  blackening,  the  margin  at  length 

flexuous.     8|)ore8  8,  polar-bilocular,  16-21  by  6-9  niie. 

Volcanic  rocks,  Island  of  Chiloc.      Hassler  Exp.  1872. 

Ohs.  1877,  p.  171. 

26.  P.   ferruffineum,  *  miniaceum,  Tuckerm. ;  apothecia 

vennilioncoloured. Bushes,  Cai)e  of  Good  Hope,  Wriyht. 

I.e.  p.  171. 

27.  P.  a/6trfeWMm,  Tuckerm. ;  thallusareolate-verruculose, 
glaucescent ;  apothecia  minute,  sessile,  at  length  lutescent, 
the  disk  plane,  pulverulent,  the  margin  obtuse.  Spores 
middling-sized,  polar-bilocular,  2-3  times  longer  than  wide. 
On  lava,  Oahu,  //.  Mann. Hmv.  p.  226. 

28.  P.  apadiceum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  soon  elongated, 
isidioid  ascendent,  ramulosc,  finally  stipate  cinereous-fusces- 
cent  granules ;  apothecia  middling-sized,  biatorine,  sessile, 
the  disk  plane,  naked,  chestnutcoloured,  with  a  thin,  ele- 
vated, paler,  entire  margin,  the  thalline  margin  obsolescent. 
Spores  8,  ellipsoid,  polar  4-locular,  2-3  times  longer  than 
wide. Trees,  Oahu,  //.  Mann. 1,  c.  p.  226. 

29.  P.  Paumotense,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  subcartilagineous, 
adnate,  glaucous-white,  delicately  pruinose  ;  the  lobes  irregu- 
larly imbricated,  here  and  there  growing  together,  linear, 
multifid,  flattish,  more  or  less  sorediate  or  altogether  granu- 
late ;  hypothallus  black ;  ai)othecia  sessile,  with  a  tumid,  at 
length  crenulate,  finally  excluded  thalline  margin,  the  disk 

plano-convex,    opake,    rufous-black. Carlshoff     Island, 

Paumotu  Group. Wilkes  Exp.  {).  146. The  specimen 

has  been  lost  from  the  government  collection. 

30.  P.  bkolor,  Tuckerm.,  Torrey  Bulletin,  1875,  p.  57, 
Kergueleus  land,  Dr.  Kidder,  is  Lecanora  yelida,  v.  luteritia, 

Nyl. Obs.   1887,  p.    184. Placoflium    (§   Placopais) 

biculor,  Miill.  Arg.  Nachtr.  z.  Naumann  Exp.  p.  135. 

31.  Lecanora  canipalea,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  taitareous, 
verrucose-.subplicate,  smooth,  greenish -glaucescent,  and 
paler,  the   hypothallus   black ;   apothecia  appressed,  finally 


148 


APPKNDIX. 


fl«xiinnH-!rro^iiIar,  the   tninid  clbk  from  re<1  fnHcoiiK-lilac^k, 
i\\v,  thullinc  nmr(;iti  entire,  pale.     H\wrvH  ulKiiit  H,  eluiigute- 

fiiHiforin,  rj-pluriliNtulur,  KM/i  tinieH  longer  than  wide. 

TreeB,  (.'iibu,  Wrujlu. Supp.  2,  p.  205. 

H2.  L.  Huhjfmui^  'riiekerni. ;  thalliiH  cartihigineoim,  HnKM>th, 
he4'oining  rinuiloHe  hikI  granuliiU;,  |Mile  yellow,  intt^rHected  by 
the  liliiek  hypothiilliiH ;  n|H>theciu  niiddliiig-Hixed,  HeHHile,  the 
disk  plano-convex,  ft-  rte<'nt,  the  nisirgin  ohttme,  entire. 
N|M>reH  <>vold-ellipHo)<!,  Hiniple,  \\-'i^  tiineH  longer  than  wide. 
'I'hh'h,  ('nbn,   Wrhjht. Obn.  lH(i4,  p.  207. 

JJ.'l.  /y.  f//aucowtV«7»,«,  Tnckerni. ;  thalUiH  nniforni,  orbicular, 
v<'rrn(MjloMe-griinnh»He,  greeniHh-glanceHcent,  white  at  the 
einMnnfiu'enei',  the  hyiM)thalliiH  without  colour;  npothecia 
(0.7-1  '"'"•  wide),  appreHHed,  the  dink  Hoon  convex,  from 
livid-f'uHcouH  blackening,  the  margin  very  entire.  HporcK  H, 
ellipHoid,  Himple,  H-17  by  (i-!)  mic,  the  paraphyueH  congluti- 

nate.     Spernuitia    needle-Hhaped,     bowed. TreeH,    (Jala- 

pagoH  iHlandH,  IhiHHler  Kxp.  1H72. Obn.  1877^  p.  172. 

'M.  L.  (Imitikihrd,  Tucskerm. ;  thallim  uniform,  thin,  areo- 
late-verrucoHe,  glauecHcent ;  apothecia  (()..'i-0. !)'""'•  wi«le) 
a<lnate,  the  dink  fuHcouH,  opake,  plane  or  at  .  iigth  tumid, 
and  excluding  the  Hwollen,  Moon  Hplit-crenate  margin. 
SporeH  K,  I'llipHoid,  Himple,  12-20  by  l()-ir>  mic,  the  paru- 

phyHCH   congluiiimte. On  bark,  IhUuhI  of  (Jhiloe,  and  at 

Samly  I'oint,  Straits  of  Magellan,  IlaHwler  Exp.  1872. 

/.  c.  p.  I7>'i. 

:$.').  L.  orosthca^  v.  Ja2>onica,  Tuckerm.  Apothecia  (2-.T  >»'"• 
wide)  elevate-seHHile,  llexuoUH-lobate.  Spores  20-2.'{  by  H-14 
mic. On  beech,  Japan,  Wriyht. (fba.  1877,  p.  173. 

;Hi.  Umodinumamillana,  Tuckerm. :  thalluH  HubtartareouH, 
rinioHe-areolaie,  pale-Htrawcoloured,  the  hypothalhiH  black- 
ening ;  apothecia  minute,  HeHsile,  the  obtuse  margin  soon 
fuscous-blackening,  the  disk  of  the  same  coh)ur,  papillate, 
at  length  rugose-pli(!ate.  Spores  8,  obtusely  ellipsoid,  2 
loctular,  brown,  12-20  by  .'i-lO   mic,  hypothecium  blackish 

brown. Volcanic    rocks,    Oahu,    11.   Mann. Haw.  p. 

227.     And  (ialapagos  Islands,  Uassler  Exp. Oba.  1877, 

p.  174. 


APPENDrX, 


149 


37.  R.  ochrotin,  Tnckcnn. ;  thaUuH  uniform,  {^raniiloHr, 
HfKjii  Hplittiii^,  fiirfiirufH'oiiH,  white;  n]K)ttiPcia  (c.  0..'»'""»- 
widi!)  m'HHil*',  tin'  «lisk  from  livid-llcHhcoloiir  fuMWMwnt,  the 
margin  obtiiHo,  entire.     SporeH  olttimely  ellipHoid,  2  hN^iilar, 

hrowti,  2-.*J  titiH'H  lon^r"''  than  wide. Charred  log»,  Cuba, 

Wrifjht. OhH.  IH77,p.  174. 

3H.  PertuHftrin,  tfiamnojd(iro.,'ViH'kvrm.,  Oba.  Ifi77,p.  17/}, 
iH,  aeeordiii^  t<>  tlie  author  in  litL,  the  Hanic  a«  /*.  coreophoraj 
(Mont.)  ('roinl>ie.  (Phyna'H,  Mont.  Syll.  p.  >'iiiO.  Thelfjcar- 
]>ov,  Nyl.  I't/rt'nfH'..  p.  10)  :  thalhm  fniti(;uloHe,  cartilagi- 
neouH,  appreKHed,  dieliotoiiiouH-ratnoHe,  whitish  fuHocscent, 
the  liran4;heH  Huhterete,  papillste-verrueoBe,  beneath  whitxi 
with  scattered  fibriU  of  tlie  Hunie  eohiur  ;  apotiiecia  depresHed- 
;{loboHe,  th<!  hyineniuni  Hin^^le,  hoou  papillate-eoronate,  tlio 
oHtioleH  punctiforni,  bhiok.     S|K)reH  M,  diipHoid,  Himph;,  /iO-72 

by  2.'J-.'}«  inic. Trunks,  Sholl  Hay,  Straits  of  Magellan, 

llawsler  Exp.  1872. 

5JI>.  P.  colobiua,  Tuckerin. ;  thalluB  uniform,  papilliferous, 
the  papillae  at  length  crowded,  and  th<!  central  ones  some- 
what elevated  ;  apotiiecia  scarcely  diHtinguinhable  from  those 
of  the  prece<ling,  <!xcept  by  smaller  spores,  4(»-;'»<)  by  2;i-26 

tnic. With  the  preceding,  llassler  Exp.    1872. 1,   c. 

p.  175. 

40.  P.  evfflypta,  Tuekerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  in- 
sculpt-rimose,  glaueous-cineraseent ;  a|Mithecia  subglolH)se 
(1-1.8"""-  Avide),  depressed,  the  hymenia  numerous,  the 
ostioles  punctiform,  black.     S|M)res  '6-i'},  ellipsoid,  U2-l.'58  by 

40-00  mic. (ivanite  rocks.  Cape  of  (iofxl  Hope,  WrifjlU. 

1,  c.  p.  177. 

41.  /*.  «Z6mea,  Tuekerm. ;  thallus  thin,  rimulose-arcolatc, 
white,  intersected  by  black  lines :  apotiiecia  depressed;  Iieiiii- 
spherical  and  deplanate,  (0. '1-0.8 """•  wide),  the  hymenia 
numerous,  the  ostioles  minute,  punctiform,  black.     tSpores  8, 

ellipHoid,    4.'5-r>M    by    2:5-40   mic. On    bark,    Galapagos 

Islands,  llassler  Kxp.  1872. 1,  c.  p.  177. 


42.  Gyaleda  aster iUy  Tuekerm. 
/.  p.  219. 


Obs.  18G2,  p.  414,  Syn. 


160 


APPENDIX. 


v-i 

ill- 

(■  ■■  ti 

^jiV 

fi 

M 

m 

m 

m 

m 

Im 

B 

43.  O.   absconsoj  Tiickerm.,   I.  c.  p.   414.     O.    VaU 
tueliana,  v.  abswnsa^  Tuckerm.,  Syn.  I.  p.  220. 

44.  G.  nana^  Tuckerni.,  I.  c.  p.  414 ;  Syn.  I.  p.  220. 

45.  G.  cameo-luteola,  Tuckerm.  Obs.  1864,  p.  271 ;  Syn. 
J.  p.  220. 

•  46.  Urceolaria  chloroletica,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  tartareous, 
rugose,  from  glaucescent  yellow,  pale  sulphur  coloured  within, 
the  hypothallus  white ;  apothecia  from  urceolate  soon  cx- 
planate,  the  proper  margin  denticulate,  reflexed,  the  disk 
somewhat  convex,  black,  somewhat  cinereous-pruinose,  the 
entire  thalline  margin  evanescent.  Spores  8,  ovoid-ellipsoid, 
soon  coloured,  4-8  locular,  the  cells  irregularly  divided,  2-3 

times  longer  than  wide. Eaith,  Cuba,   Wright. Obs. 

1864,  p.  268.    Lick.  Cub.  n.  123.  i 

Urceolina,  Tuckerm.  Apothecia  urceolate,  the  white  conni- 
vent  proper  exciple  enclosing  a  red  disk,  the  thalline  margin 
evanescent.  Spores  ellipsoid,  without  colour :  spermatia 
iieedleshaped,  bowed,  on  subsimple  sterigmas :  thallus  crus- 
taccous,  cflOgurate. 

47.  U.  Kergneliensis,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  crustaceous, 
adnate,  a'colate-verrucose,  dirty  orangccoloured,  the  verrucas 
gibbous,  coalescent,  and  at  the  centre  substipitate,  the  mar- 
gin efflgurate  :  apothecia  (c.  1  """•  wide)  immersed,  the  thin 
proper  margin  from  pale  livid-nigrescent.  Spores  8  in  a 
single  t'eries,  simple,  21-30  by   15-20  mic,  the  paraphyses 

filiform. Rocks,  KerguelensLand,  Dr.  Kidder. Torrey 

Bulletin,  1875,  p.  58. In  Obs.  1877,  p.  184,  the  author 

vindicates  the  rights  of  this  new  genus,  against  the  reference 
of  the  lichen  to  Lecanora  as  L.  Kerguelensis  by  Crombie  in 

Jour,   of  Bot.,    App.,   1877. Placodium    (§  Urceoliiia) 

Kerguelense,  Miill.  Arg.,  Nachtr.  z.  Naumann  Exp.  p.  136. 

48.  Thelotrenia  lepadodes,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  effuse,  thinly 
membranaceous-difFract,  ashy-white :  ai)othecia  superficial, 
truncate-conoid,  or  drum-shaped,  the  aperture  ample ;  a 
proper  urceolate  exciple  uiore  or  less  clothed  by  the  thallus, 


APPENDIX. 


151 


Iwrderinjf  a  blackening  wliito-pruinoHc  uisk,  which  is  loosely 
edged  by  a  white,  membranaceous,  indexed,  sometimes  ol»- 
Hcure  interior  exciple.  Spores  ulxxitH,  large,  brown,  oblong, 
muriforni-nitiltilocdlar  (the  transverse  series  of  cells  lfi-24, 
the  longitudinal  in  the  middle  4),  3-Ft   times   longer   than 

wide. Trees,  Cuba,   Wright. Oba.  1862,  p.  405,  and 

Oahu,  //.  Mann. Haw.  p.  228. 

49.  T.  platycarpum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  effuse,  thin, 
smooth,  then  rugose,  pale,  or  somewhat  fuscescent ;  apothe- 
cia  large,  innate,  much  dilated,  the  flat,  thin,  pale-fusccscent 
disk  blackening  above  and  delicately  pruinate,  bordered  by 
the  thin,  obscurely  greenish,  erose,  inflexed  margin  of  the 
interior  exciple,  the  exterior  margin  splitting  into  refloxed 
divisions.  Spores  small,  slightly  fuscescent,  oblong-ellip- 
soid or  dactyloid-ellipsoi*!,  2-4  locular,  the  cells  roundish. 
Cuba,  Wright. Obs.  1862,  p.  406. 

50.  T.  Santense,  Tuckerm.,  I.  c.  p.  406,  and  Syn.  I.,  p. 
227. 

51.  T.  leiostomum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  effuse,  smooth, 
I  ihiose-verruculose,  glaucescent ;  apotheciu  immersed,  mi- 
nute, rounded,  at  length  confluent,  and  passing  into  irregidar, 
often  lirelliform  shapes,  the  exterior  exciple  bordering  the 
sunken,  blackening  disk,  with  a  slightly  prominent,  entire 
pale  margin,  the  thickish,  smoothish  veil  covering  the  disk 
perforated.     Six>re8   ellipsoid,  brown,  with   3   dissepiments 

and  4  regular  sporoblasts,  2-3  times  longer  than  broad. 

Cuba,  Wright. 1.  c.  p.  407. 


52.  T.  Cubanum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  effuse,  thin,  smooth, 
rugulose,  rimose,  from  glaucous-green  pale  yellowish ; 
apothecia  large,  from  conico-hemispherical  soon  dilated  and 
Bcutellffiform  or  irregular,  the  exterior  exciple  black  within, 
with  a  thfck,  at  length  cleft  and  recurved  white-veiled  mar- 
gin, the  disk  thick,  grayish-black,  covered  with  a  crustaceous, 
white  veil.     Spores  8,  cocciform,  4  locular,  brown,  the  cells 

at  length  somewhat  divided,  2  times  longer  than  wide. 

Trees,  Cuba,  WriglU. 1.  c.  p.  407. 


152 


APPENDIX. 


53.  T.  auratnm,  Tuokerni. ;  thallus  smooth,  rujjiiloBe,  at 
length  verrucose,  thick,  pale  strawcolourctl ;  apothecia  large, 
superficial,  subglobose,  the  roundetl  aix*rture  ample,  the 
exterior  urceolate  exciple  with  an  erose,  incurved,  black- 
punctate  margin,  the  dish  yellow-pruinose.  Spores  H,  colour- 
less, ellipsoid  or  oblong-ellipsoid,  4-(>  locular,  the  cells  more 

or   less   divided,   2-2^   times   longer  than   wide. Trees, 

Cuba,  Wright. 1,  c.  p.  408. 

54.  T.  Wrightii,  Tuckerm.  ;  thallns  thickish,  fragile, 
smooth,  uneven,  glaucous-green  ;  apothecia  large,  s(,on  open, 
dilated,  subsessile,  scutellajform,  the  exterior  exciple  border- 
in  j  with  a  somewhat  elevated,  thick,  i)owdery,  pale  flesh- 
coloured,  finally  flexuous  margin,  the  thin,  colourless,  wlute- 
pruinose  disk.  Spores  broadly  ellipsoid,  the  tips  acute,  or 
at  length  broadly  spindle-shaped,  4-G  locular,  the   unequal 

cells  finally  divided,  2-4  times  longer  tlaiu  wide. Trees, 

Cuba,  Wright. 1,  c.  p.  409. 

55.  T.  ghbvlare,  Tuckerm.,  I.  c.  p.  470^  equals  T.  paehy- 
stomum,  Jide  Nyl.,  Exot.  ]>•  221,  I'r.  N.  Gr.  p.  41, 

50.  T.  actinotum,  Tuckerm.  ,  thallus  thin,  smooth,  uneven, 
from  glaucous-green  yellowish,  the  hypothallu:i  blackening ; 
apothecia  middling-sized,  innate- prominent,  at  length  dilated, 
from  rounded  difform,  the  exterior  erectish,  soon  cleft,  re- 
curved exciple  enclosing  a  plane,  pale,  white-pruinose  disk. 
Spores  about  8,  colourless,  fusiform,  4-10  locular,  4-)S  times 
longer  than  wide. Trees,  Cuba,  Wright. 1,  c.  p.  411. 


57.  T.  myrioporum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  snbcartilagi- 
neous,  verruculose,  smooth,  subpruinose,  glaucescent ;  apo- 
thecia minute,  innnersed,  rounded,  open,  or  scattered  or 
disposed  in  irregular  jontluent  groups,  the  exterior  exciple 
urceolate,  with  a  slightly  i)rominent,  very  entire  margin,  the 
disk  a  little  concave,  clothed  at  length  with  a  white,  perfo- 
rated, irregular  veil.     Spores  small,  colourless,  ellii>soid,  2 

locular,    1.^-2^   times    longer  than    wide. Trees,   Cuba, 

Wright. 1,  c.  p.  412. 


APPEND^":. 


153 


58.  T.  latilabnim,  Tuckerm. ;  thalluB  thickish,  smooth, 
nneven,  at  length  rugulose,  from  glaucous  olivaceous- 
brownish  ;  apothecia  large,  innate-prominent,  from  urceolate- 
scutcllwform  at  length  dilated,  the  broad,  acute,  stellate- 
cleft,  reflexed,  whif^-powdery  margin  of  the  exterior  exciple 
enclosing  a  plane,  blackening  disk,  covered  with  a  subcrusta- 
ceous  at  length  torn  veil.     Spores  8,  colourless,  oblong,  6-8 

locular,  3-6  times  longer  than  wide. Trees,  Cuba,  Wright. 

Obs.  1864,  p.  269.     Lich.  Cub.  n.  137. 

59.  T.  leucastrum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  thin, 
smooth,  pale-olivebrownish,  the  hypothallus  brownish- black  ; 
apothecia  large,  innate,  scutelljeform,  dilated,  the  reflexed, 
stellate-cleft,  white-powdery  exterior  exciple  enclosing  a 
thin,  plane,  white-pruinose  disk,  the  interior  one  wanting. 
Spores  8,  in  a  single  series,  small,  pale-brown,  cocciform- 
ellipsoid  and  elongated,  3-4  locular,  2-3  times  longer  than 
wide. 

b.  difforme ;  apothecia  smaller,  confluent,  elongated,  differ- 
ently   difform,  the    powdery  margin    somewhat    dissolved. 

Trees,  Cuba,    Wright. 1,  c.  p.  269.    Lich.  Cub.  n.  158, 

159. 

60.  T.  plcUycarpoidea,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous, 
thin,  at  length  rugulose,  pale-greenish-fuscescent ;  apothecia 
middling-sized,  innate-prominent,  urceolate-scutellieform, 
the  aperture  ample,  the  elevated,  subeutire,  at  length  reflexed 
exterior  exciple  surrounding  a  plane,  thin,  blackening,  white- 
pruinose  disk,  the  interior  one  membranaceous,  white,  conni- 
vent.  Spores  8,  pale  brown,  ellipsoid  with  acute  tips,  then 
somewhat  elongated,    and   the  tips   attenuate,  4-6  locular, 

3}-4^  times  longer  than  wide. Trees,  Cuba,  Wright. 

I.  c.  p.  270.     Lich.  Cub.  n.  157. 

61.  T.  lireUiforme,  Tuckerm.;  thallus  thickish,  thinly 
rugose-graiuilate,  smooth,  at  length  somewhat  mealy-tarta- 
reous,  from  glaucous  green  ashcoloured,  the  hypothallus 
brownish-black ;  apothecip.  large,  innate,  lirellat'-ditTorm, 
the  prominent,  thick,  subentire  margin  of  the  exterior  exciple 
enclosing  a  black  disk  covered  with  a  white  veil.  Sjjort's  8, 
oblong-ellipsoid,  4   locular,  brown,  2-2^  times  longer  than 

wide. Trees,    Cuba,     Wright. 1,   c.  p.    270.      Lich. 

Cub.  n.  150. 


154 


APPENDIX. 


62.  T.  cataatictum^  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  subtartareous,  un- 
even, at  length  delicately  powdery,  glaucescent;  apothecia 
minute,  immersed,  urceolate,  somewhat  bordered  by  the 
thallus,  the  aperture  ample,  the  incurved  margin  of  the  loose 
exciple  enclosing  a  conoid,  blackening  disk.  Spores  8,  in 
elongated  thekes,  pale  brown,  broadly  oblong-ellipsoid,  6-8 
locular,  the  cells  lenshaped,  2-3  times  longer  than  wide. 
Trees,  Cuba,  Wright I.  c.  p.  270. 

63.  T.  simplex,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  tbickish,  rugose-verru- 
cose,  smooth,  pale-ashcoloured, ;  apothecia  numerous,  very 
small,  immersed  in  somewhat  bordering  thalline  warts,  the 
pale,  subglobose,  continuous,  above  naked,  radiately  some- 
what striate,  poroid-pertuse  exciple  enclosing  a  nucleiform, 
livid  disk.  Spores  8,  soon  brown,  ellipsoid,  4-8  locular,  the 
cells  at  length  muriform-divided,  1^-3  times  longer  than  wide. 
Trees,  Cuba,   Wright, 1,  c.  p.  271.    Lich.  Cub.  n.  154. 

64.  T.  *  piluUferum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  subtartareous,  con- 
tiguous, even  or  verruculose,  glaucescent  or  white,  confused 
with  the  hypothallus ;  apothecia  numerous,  superficial,  globu- 
lar, almost  closed,  with  a  pertuse  pore,  the  exterior  proper, 
entire,  dark  exciple,  enclosing  a  pale,  concave  disk.  Spores 
8,  cocciform,  muriform,  colourless,  about  2  times  longer 
than  wide. Trees,  Oahu,  H.  Mann. Haw.  p.  227. 

65.  Stereocaulon  pilophoroideSy  Tuckerm. ;  podetia  4-5 
inches  high,  stout,  somewhat  simple,  dividing  above  the 
middle  into  2  or  3  long  branches,  sending  out  irregularly  short 
branchlets  terminated  by  the  subglobose,  black  apothecia, 
the  phyllocladia  more  or  less  confluent,  passing  into  papilla; 
which  are  elongated  and  terete  at  the  base ;  cephaloilia  scro- 
biculate-pitted,  the  gonimia  irregularly  arranged  in  cylindra- 
ceous  nodules.  Spores  from  fusiform  acicular,  4-10  locular, 
10-24  times  longer  than  wide;  spermatia  acicular,  falcate- 
curved,  on  simple  sterigmas. Sandwich  Islands,  Dr.  W, 

Hillebrand. Obs.  1864,  p.  265. 

66.  S.  Maderense,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  stout,  terete,  and 
commonly  naked  at  the  mostly  simple  base,  dividing  below 
the  middle  into  a  few  elongated,  rather   simple,   erectish, 


APPENDIX. 


155 


obsoletely  tomentose  branches,  with  often  nodding  tips. 
Phyllocladia  very  small,  globose,  somewhat  scattered,  be- 
coming flat,  and  larger  especially  on  the  branches,  crcnate, 
glaucescent.  Cephalodia  sessile,  scrobiculate-pitted ;  aiK>- 
thecia  subtcrminal,  middling-sized,  flat,  at  len^h  nearly 
exclnding  the  thick  white  margin.  Spores  acicular,  variously 
divided. Madeira. Wilkea  Exp.  p.  122. 

67.  S.  teneUum,  Tuckerm. ;  Wilkea  Exp.  p.  123,  &  t.  2, 
f.  5,  equals  S.  cUbicana,  (Th.  Fr.)  Nyl. :  Syn  /.,  p.  234. 

68.  Cladonia  dactylota,  Tuckerm. ;  squamules  ample, 
erect,  white-powdery  beneath:  podetia  slender,  cylindrical, 
membranaccous-corticate,  smooth,  greenish-pallescent,  the 
cups  narrow,  the  denticulate  margin  somewhat  incurved,  at 
length  obliquely  proliferous-palmate :  apothecia  brownish- 
flesh-coloured. 

b.  aymphycarpia,  the  apothecia  conglomerate. 

c.  aorediata,  the   podetia    and    scyphee    here   and    there 

covered    with    white-powdery    soredia. Cuba,     Wright. 

Venezuela,  Fendler. ^ttjjp.  5,  p.  204. 

69.  C.  Dilleniana,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  squamulose-dis- 
sected,  the  podetia  above  infundibuliform,  proliferous-ramo<!ie, 
the  axils  pervious,  subsquamulose,  from  strawcoloured 
whitening,  the  fertile  ones  somewhat  cymose ;  ai)othecia 
brown. 


a.  cri^pata ;  strawcoloured,  the  podetia  turgid,  the  dilated 
axils  exasperate  with  linear-multifld  leaflets.  C.  stenophylla, 
Nyl.  Syn.  p.  201. 

b.  elongata:  whitening,  the  slender  podetia  repeatedly 
proliferous,  the  gaping  axils  cristate  with  dissected  leaflets. 
Cuba,  Wright. Oba.  1864,  p.  391. 

70.  C.  hypoxantha,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  small,  ctespitose, 
subfoliaceous,  the  leaflets  narrowly  linear,  elongated,  raniose- 
multifld,  the  margin  crenulate,  above  greenish-strawcoloured, 
beneath  brown-orangecoloured ;  podetia  turbinate-cylindrical, 


1.56 


APPENDIX. 


cartilaginooim-rorticnte,  vcrrucotiC-niguloHc,  the  «np8  con- 
cave, Hoiuewhnt  radiate  at  the  inar);iii,  or  obliterated ; 
a|>otbecitt  Hcurlet. Trees,  Culm,  Wriyht. /.  c.  p.  303. 

71.  C,  f/rorjVf  H/rt,  Tuckerin. ;  8(|iiaiiiiile8  minute,  laciiiinte, 
Htrawcoloured,  beneath  wliite  ;  i>odetia  Hlender,  niueh  elon« 
j{ute<l,  nienibranaceouH-corticate,  Huiooth,  strawcoloured, 
dividing  into  Hpreadin^,  intertanj^led  brancheH,  the  cupH  very 
Hinall,  proliferous  from  the  niHrgin,  rarely  from  the  centre, 
toothed,  the  fertile  onew  thickened  above  and  iimbriate- 
radiate  ;  ai)othecia  scarlet. Cuba,  Wright.         I.  c.  j>'  395. 

72.  Ccpnngonhtminoyuliforme^'Vnckfivm.^l.c.p.  416.  Syn. 
1.1  p.  258,  (J.  V. 

7.3.  Biatora  rhodopis,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  uniform,  thin, 
t!artilagineou8-iiicmbranaceou8,  smooth,  rimulose,  glaucous- 
ashcoloured,  vermilion  within  ;  apotheeia  sessile,  at  length 
difforu),  the  tumid,  entire,  at  length  flexuous  nuirgin  deep- 
roseeoloured,  the  disk  somewhat  plane,  naked,  blackish- 
red,  the  hypothecium  black.     Spores  simple,  ellipsoid. 

Bushes,  Cuba,  Wriyht. Supp.  2,  p.  205, 

74.  B.  virella,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  uniform,  subtartareous, 
rugose-granulate,  glaucous-sulphurcoloured  ;  apotheeia  ses- 
sile, the  thin,  entire,  soon  tlexuous,  vanishing  margin 
paler  than  the  plano-convex,  reddish-brown  disk.  Spores 
small,  ellipsoid,  subf  usiform,  simple,  3  times  longer  than  wide. 

Rocks,  Cuba,  Wright. 1,  c.  p.  205. 

75.  B.  pyn'homelmna,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  minute, 
rounded,  soon  subsquamaceous,  imbricate,  glaucescent 
granules,  within  vermilioncoloured,  the  hypothallus  blackish- 
red  ;  apotheeia  proceeding  from  the  hypothallus,  somewhat 
plane,  the  margin  very  thin,  erect,  flexuous,  blackish-red, 
the  disk  black,  shining,  the  hypothecium  red,  at  length 
convex  and  excluding  the  margin.  Spores,  minute,  ellipsoid, 
simple. Trees,  Cuba,  Wright. 1,  c.  p.  205. 

76.  B.  phceaspis,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  subsquamaceous, 
soon  coralline,  pale-ochroleucous  granules ;  apotheeia  ap- 
pressed,    reddish-brown,    flexuous,  at    length  convex  and 


APrKNDIX. 


167 


laceous, 
jia  ap- 


and 


exrliidiiig  the  ohtiifie  pnlrr  nmr(;in.  8|K>roH  fuHifomi-cylin- 
(Irieal,  2-4  hN'iilnr,  ;i-4  tiini'M  lutiKcr  than  wUlc— — Trcc«, 
Cuba,  Wriyht. 1.  -,  p.  205. 

Ti.  B.  melumjH'ida,  Tnekerin. ;  thnlluM  IcprouM-tnrtarcoiiH, 
(lifTrni't-riiiioKo,  f»'rriijriiu'<mM-fiiHLH'H{M'nt,tlu'  liy|MitliutluH  Mack- 
(■iiin}{:  a|Mitlif('iti  iiii<l«IIii)g-Hi%i*(l,  nppri'HHcd,  at  U>nf;tli  tuiiiid, 
the  hhiok  dink  at  first  wliitc-priiiiioHc,  tiio  thickiMli,  paler 
inargiii   at   length   of   the   same   eolour.     Spores   fuHlforni- 

oblong,  2  locuhir,  S-r*  times  longer  than  wide. Shrubs, 

Cape  of  G(kmI  Hope,  Wriyht. Oba.  ISOO,  p.  41U. 

78.  B.  oncodes,  Tnckcrin. ;  thallus  of  minute  at  length 
subcontluent  granules,  riniose,  greenish-aHhcoloured,  the 
hypothalluB  fuscescent ;  apothecia  nii(Ulling-Hize«'.,  lippressed, 
the  disk  convex,  reddish-brown,  the  hypotheciuni  bliiekening, 
with  a  thin,  paler,  flexuous  margin,  often  transformed  into 

soredia.     Spores,   small,   simple,  oblong. Trees,   Cuba, 

Wright. Obs.  1804,  p.  274. 

79.  B.  orphnofa,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  minute  at  length 
coalescent,  subimbrieutc,  reddish-fuseescent  granules,  the 
hypothallus  pale-fuscescent ;  apothecia  proliferous,  miinitc, 
sessile,  the  disk  plano-convex,  blackish-brown,  within  black- 
ening, the  darker  margin  vanishing.  Spores  10-15,  small, 
oblong,  simple,  2^-5  times  longer  than  wide ;  puraphyscs 
soon  distinct. Trees,  Cuba,  Wright. 1,  c.  p.  274. 

80.  B.  furfuroaa,  Tuckerm. ;  /.  c.  p.  274.    Syn.  II.,  p.  19» 

81.  B.  polycampia,  Tuckerm.  ;  thallus  subcartilagineous, 
uneven,  rimose,  soon  sorediiferous,  from  olivaceous  ash- 
coloured  ;  apothecia  large,  adnate,  the  disk  somewhat  plane, 
opake,  lurid-reddish,  the  hypothecium  black,  the  paler,  thick, 
obtuse  margin  soon  flexuous.    Spores  (»-8,  simple,  from  ovoid 

ellipsoid,    1^-2   times   longer  than   wide. Trees,   Cuba. 

Wright. 1,  c.  p.  274.     Lich.  Cub.  n.  194. 

82.  B.  chlororphnia,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  granulose-farinose, 
ochroleucous  :  apothecia  very  minute,  innate,  plane,  reddish- 
brown,  with  a  thin  vanishing  margin.  Spores  6-8,  simple, 
ellipsoid  or  oblong-ellipsoid,  2^-3  times  longer  than  wide ; 

paraphyses    distinct. On    Ficus,  'Hong    Kong,    China, 

Wright. 1  c.  p.  275. 


15A 


APPENDIX. 


H3.  B.  lutfo-rufnln^  Tuckerm. ;  thalliis  cartilagiiiroiiH, 
Btnooth,  ritiiuloHC,  grci'iiinh-glau'^eflcent,  the  tiy|H>thnlliiH 
white  ;  a|Kitbecia  iiiidiUiDg-Hized,  appreHHed,  plane,  at  len^h 
flfXUouH-lolmto,  the  diHk  from  yelluwiiih-red  at  length  ful* 
vouH,  equalling  the  thin,  entire,  paler  margin.  S|M>reH 
Bmall,    siniplc,   from    ovoid   fusiform-ellipsoid,   "i^-H   tinicH 

longer  than  wide. Trees,  Loo  Choo  Islands,  Wright. 

/.  c.  p.  276. 

84.  B.  pettoia,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  very  thin,  leprous, 
greenish-ashooloured,  the  hy|K>t)inllus  black ;  niMttheein 
small,  adnatc,  the  margin  thin,  rugulosc,  brownish-black, 
the  disk  plane,  opake,  livid-black,  within  black.  Spores 
small,  from  oblong  somewhat  staffshaped,  2-4  locular,  4-<5 

times  longer  thau  wide. Trees,  Cuba,  Wright. 1,  c.  p. 

276.     Lich.  Cub.  n.  206. 


85.  B.  acitula,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  contiguous,  un- 
even, glaucous-green  ;  ai)ochecia  minute,  appressed,  the  disk 
soon  convex,  reddish-fleshcoloured,  the  demiss  margin  thin, 
white,  entire,  the  hypothecium  browuisli.     Si^res  dactyloid, 

.5-8  locular,  4-6  times  longer  than  wide. Trees,   Cuba, 

Wright. 1,  c.  p.  276.    Lich.  Cxib.  n.  202. 


8fi.  B.  palmicola^  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  very  thin,  contigu- 
ous, glaucescent-strawcoloured :  apothecia  minute,  sosHJle, 
the  disk  somewhat  plane,  yellowish-fulvescent,  the  entire, 
vanishing,  concolorous  margin  at  first  surrounded  with  an 
accessory   thalline   one.     Spores   dactyloid,   4   locular,  2-3 

times  longer  than  wide. Leaves  of  palms,  Cuba,    Wright. 

1,  c.  p.  277.     Lich.  Cub.  n.  201. 


87.  B.  thyaanota^Tuckerm. ;  thallus  sub tartareous,  Icprous- 
granulose,  the  granules  at  length  confluent,  the  hypothallus 
white,  fibrillose  ;  apothecia  small,  sessile,  the  disk  plane,  from 
reddish-brown  blackening,  the  demiss  paler  margin  vanishing, 
bordered  by  a  white  stratum.  Spores  small,  from  ellipsoid 
subdactyloid  and  oblong,  2-4  locular,  2J-4  times  longer  than 

wide. Trees,    Cuba,     Wright. 1,   c.  p.  277.      Lich. 

Cub.  n.  210. 


* 


APPENDIX. 


159 


88.  B.  l^icocheila^  Tuckorm. ;  thalliiR  thin,  oftrtiln^inpoiKi, 
uneven,  aHlicoloured ;  a|>otbevia  nii<J(Uin(;-Hii£(>il,  adiintv,  the 
(UmIc  plano'Convex,  fuHcous  black,  the  hy|K>theviuni  bruwn. 
S|M)reH  Hniall,  dactyloid  or  MubfuHifortn,  4  locular,  i^-ii  tttiies 

luuf^er   tlian   wide. Dead  wootl,  Cuba,    Wright. /.  c. 

;>.  27 S. 

89.  B.  microphyllina,  Tuckerm.,  /.  c.  p.  278.  Syn.  IT., 
p.  40. 

90.  B.  medialis,  Tuckerm.,  I.  c.  p.  280.     Syn.  II.,  p.  132. 

91.  B.  Uvido-nigruanay  Tuckerm.;  thalluB  of  discretOf 
cartilagineou8,  livid-glauccHceut  granules  ;  apothecia  minute, 
(0.2-0.4  """•  wide),  Bessile,  plane,  brownish-black,  with  a  thin 
margin ;  hyiK>thecium  pale.  S|>oreM  dactyloid  and  oblong, 
4-5  locular,   15-23   by   3-<5   uiic,   the   paraphyHes   diHtinet, 

capitulate. On  bark,  Straits  of  Magellan,  Ilasslcr   Exp. 

1872. Oba.  1877,  p.  180. 

92.  Heterotkecium  leptocheilum,  Tuckerm. Oba.  1864^ 

p.  280.     Syn.  II.,  p.  55. 

93.  H.  pachycheilum,  Tuckerm. 1.  c.p.  281.  Syn.  II.  p.  66. 

94.  H.  aureolum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  cartilagineous,  thin, 
rimose,  yellow,  the  hypothallus  blackening  ;  apothecia  small, 
sessile,  the  disk  plano-convex,  opake,  dark-orangecoloured, 
the  hypothecium  pale,  about  equalling  the  thin,  entire,  cou- 
colorous  margin.  Spores  6-8,  colourless,  dactyloid  or  sub- 
fusiform,  5-6  locular,  the  cells  rounded,  4-6  times  longer 
than  wide. Trees,  Cuba,  Wright. 1.  c.  p.  281. 

95.  H.  vulpinum,  Tuckerm. /.  c.p.  281.  Syn.  II. p.  67. 

96.  //.  turbinatum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  flattened  gran- 
ules, at  length  collected  into  a  verrucose-rugulose  crust, 
pale-yellowish-brown  ;  apothecia  miimte,  turbinate,  the  exciple 
pale-brownish,  stipitiform-constricted,  the  margin  entire, 
the  disk  from  concave  plane,  reddish-brown,  the  hypothecium 
darker.  Spores  1  in  oblong  thekcs,  large,  pale-brown, 
oblong,  murifonn-multilocular,  5-6  times  longer  than  wide. 
Trees,  Cuba,  WrigJU. 1.  c.  p.  282. 


i  V 


ICO 


APPENDIX. 


97.  H.  Wrightii,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  subtartareous, 
globose,  coiiglomerate,  glaucescent  granules ;  a|X)thecia 
middling-sized,  adnate,  brown  and  blackening,  the  somewhat 
plane  at  first  ashy-^ruinose  disk  at  length  somewhat  exceding 
the  entire  obtuse  margin,  the  hypothecium  brownish-black. 
Spores   very  numerous   in  elongated   thekes,  very  minute, 

globose. Earth,  Cuba,    Wright. Lecidea  (Biaturella)  ^ 

I.  c.  p.  275.    Heterothecium,  Oen.  p.  276^  Lich.  Cub.  n.  235. 

98.  Lecidea  Simodensia,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  at  first  con- 
tiguous, subtartareous,  soon  diflfract-verrucose,  whitening; 
apothecia  middling-sized,  sessile,  black,  the  at  length  convex 
disk  with  a  thinnish,  obtuse  margin.  Spores  8,  small, 
colourless,  oblong,  2  locular,  2-3  times  longer  than  wide. 

Maritime  rocks,  Japan,  Wright. The  spores  connect 

it  with  L.  grossa,  Nyl.,  but  the  type  at  least  is  perhaps  easily 

considerable    as    a    colourless    expression  of    Buellia. 

Oba.  1862yp.  421. 


99.  L.  psephota^  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  areolate,  white,  the 
areoles  minute,  tumid,  discrete,  the  hypothallus  black ; 
apothecia  very  small  (02.-0.4™™-  wide),  mostly  immersed 
in  the  a»''>oles,  from  concave  plane,  with  a  thin,  incurved, 
persistent  margin,  often  angulose-difform,  the  hypothecium 
black.      Spores   8   in  ventricose   thekes,    ellipsoid,  simple, 

colourless,  12-20  by  7-10  mic,  the  paraphyses  concrete. 

Granite  rocks,  Straits  of  Magellan,  Hassler  Exp.  1872. 

Obs.  1877,  p.  J  81. 


100.  Buellia  Africana,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  crustaeoous, 
adnate,  bright  yellow,  radious-lobate,  soon  squamulose- 
ureolate,  the  areoles  flattened,  crenulate-lobate,  at  the  cir- 
cumference rimose-multifld,  beneath  black  ;  apothecia  innate- 
sessile,  cupular,  black,  the  thin  flexuous  margin  crenulate- 
rugulose,  the  disk  opake,  within  white,  at  length  convex 
and   exceeding   the   margin.      Spores  ellipsoid,  brown,  2-4 

locular,  1J-2J  times  longer  than  wide. Rocks,  Cape  of 

Good  Hope,    Wright. Lecidea,    Obs.  1860,  p.  406;   not 

B.  Africana,  Miill.,  Beitr.  123. 


APPENDIX. 


IM 


te.- 

2." 


^coous, 
lulose- 
Ihe  cir- 
innate- 
uilate- 
bonvex 
|n,  2-4 
ipe  of 
not 


101.  B.  Japonica,  Txxckerm. ;  thalhm  of  minuto,  flattened, 
squaniuloHe-imbricatc,  grpenish-fuHccHCont  jiranulps  apothe- 
cia  small,  appresscd,  bli\ck,  the  margin  thin,  diHt  net,  tbe 
sctbroiiH  (IJHk  from  plano-convex  liemispberical,  the  .iy|K>tbe- 
ciunj  black.     Spores  8,  niiddlin^-si/ed,  brown,  ellipMoid,  2 

locular,  2^  times  lon^«'r  than  wide. Hark,  .lapan,  Wright. 

Lecklea,  Oha.  1802,  p.  421. 

102.  B.  catasema,  Tuckerni. ;  noted  as  (liffering  from 
B.  jifirasema  (Ach.)  by  the  apparently  {jranidose  thallns, 
the  minute,  proliferous  apothecia,  Die   smaUer   spores,  and 

the    loose  filifi»rm   paraphyses. Cuba,     Wrifjht. Oha. 

lSfi4,  j).  2S3.     Lich.  Cub.  n.  242. 

103.  OrnpJiis  dLsrurrpns,  Nyl. ;  v.  Kanlensht,  Tuckenn. ; 
ai)othecia  thicker,  dendritic-ramose  :  sjMires  larjjer,  H-l<K'.ular. 
Oahu,  H.  Mann. Haw.  p.  230. 

104.  O.  08citan8,  Tuckerni. ;  thalUis  thin,  contiguous, 
white  :  apothecia  innate-prominent,  flexuous,  simple  or  some- 
what branched,  the  blackeninj?  exciple  deeply  channelled, 
then  gaping,  naked,  concrete  with  the  thickish  thalline  one, 
the  hypothecium  colourless.  SiK>res  8,  middling-sized, 
oblong,  submuriform  (the  transverse  series  fi-K,  the  longi- 
tudinal 1-2),  3-.'J^  times  longer  than  wide,  fuscescent. 

Trees,  Oahu,  H.  Mann. 1,  c.  p.  231. 

105.  Opegrapha  prosodea,  Aah.  \  thallus  compact,  smooth, 
from  greenish  fuscescent,  black-limited :  apothecia  superfi- 
cial, thick,  elliptical  or  oblong  and  stellate,  obtuse,  the  disk 
open ;  or  elongated  subramose,  the  disk  narrow  at  length 
rima'l'orm.  Spores  fusiform-oblong,  G-14  locular,  colourless, 
5-9  times  longer  than  wide. 

a.  notlm;  ajwthecia  rounded,  oval  and  oblong,  plane,  the 
disk  dilated,  brown,  about  equalling  the  obtuse  margin. 

b.  diaphora ;  apothecia  elongated,  cylindrical,  somewhat 
closed. Trees,  Cuba,  Wright. Calif,  p.  32. 


106.  ArtJionia  cyrtodes,  Tuckerni. 
Obs.  1804,1).  285;  sujraj}.  135. 


-Cuba,    Wright. 


169 


APPENDIX. 


107.  Siphula  Pickeringii,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  ciespitose, 
brittle,  smooth,  subdichotomous-ramose,  from  glaucous 
whitening,   the   branehlets  erectish,    terete-compressed,    at 

length  furrowed ;    apothecia    (abortive)    lateral. Earth, 

Oahu. Wilkes  Exp.  124,  &  t.  2,  /.  4. 

108.  Acolium  leucampyx,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  powdery, 
then  subcontiguous,  rimose,  from  greenish  ashcoloured ; 
apothecia  small,  innate-prominent,  the  disk  somewhat  plane, 
black,  the  mar  in  within  white-pruinose.  Spores  from  cocci- 
form  soon  oblong,  2-4  locular,  constricted  in  the  middle, 

brown. Trees,  Cuba,  Wright. Trachylia,  Obs.  1860, 

p.  390. 

109.  A.  Hawaiiense,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  thin,  glaucescent, 
confused  with  the  white  hypothallus ;  apothecia  middling- 
sized,  elevated  or  lecanoroid-depressod,  the  proper  exciple 
sunk  in  the  thick,  radiate-rugose  thalloid  one,  the  disk,  plane, 
purple-black,  immarginate.  Spores  minute,  obtusely  ellip- 
soid,   2    locular,    brown,    about  0.006"""- long. Trees, 

Oahu,  //.  Mann. Haw.  p.  262. 

110.  Calicium  leucochlorum,  Tuckerm. ;  thallus  of  granules 
confluent  into  a  thin,  subcontiguous,  uneven,  yellow  crust, 
decussated  by  the  black  hypothallus ;  apothecia  clavate-tur- 
binate,  beneath  rustcoloured,  the  stout  stipe  black.  Spores 
large,  ellipsoid,  constricted  in  the  middle,  2  locular,  blackish- 
brown,  1^-2  times  longer  than  wide. Palm  trees,  Cuba, 

Wright. Obs.  1860,  p.  389. 


INDEX  TO  PARTS  I  and  II. 


[Synonyms 

In  UcJf<s.] 

ACOLIUM. 

BIATORA. 

Bolaiideri 

ii 

136 

anthravophila 

1             14 

('aroliniaiium 

136 

arceutinn 

45 

ehloroeoiiiuiu 

136 

Arnoldiana 

45 

Uawaiieuse 

162 

artyta 

37 

leucaiiipvx 

162 

artgtoidea 

129 

8ti.  Jacubi 

137 

atrugrisea 

atropurpurea 

atrorufa 

44 

30 

9 

AGYKIUM. 

atroaangninta 

47,48 

«;ariieolum 

U 

111 

August!  ni 

42 

rufuin 

111 

Bncidiuidea 
BeckhauHii 
Berenyeriana 

34 
46 
22 

ALECTORIA. 

biatorellum 

52 

divergens 

i 

43 

boreella 

60 

Fremoiitii 

45 

breviuscula 

18 

Japoiiiea 

U 

142 

Brujerinna 

15 

jubata 

i 

41 

calcivora 

29 

LoxeiiHis 

46 

C^aloosensis 

41 

iiidulifera 

44 

cainpestris 

51 

nigricans 

45 

vamptouarpa 

18 

ouhroleuca 

45 

carnulenta 

caulophylla 

chlorantha 

23 
9 

49 

ATHONIA. 

chlororphnia 

157 

cupressiiia 

u 

134 

chlorostiuta 

49 

cyrtodes 

135 

chonion 

12 

distcndeHS 

135 

ciunabarina 

21 

glebosa 
leucastraca 

134 

Cladonioidea 

14 

134 

coarctata 

15 

Bubcyrtodes 

135 

cognata 
coprodea 
coroniformia 

41 
36 
12 

B^OMYCKS. 

crenata 

12 

absolutus 

u 

7 

cuprea 

21 

jcruginosus 

7 

cupreo-rosella 

34 

Bysaoides 

6 

cyphalca 

51 

icmadophila 

7 

cyrtella 

31 

roscus 

6 

deoipiens 
declinia 

13 

n^fua 

6 

37 

decolorana         • 

16,17 

Diapensiic 

22 

BIATORA. 

diilbrinin 

130 

akoinpsa 

tt 

47 

drvina 

130 

albescens 

45 

effuaa 

45 

albldula 

130 

endochlora 

13 

164 


INDEX. 


BIATORA. 

BIATORA. 

endoleuca 

U            44 

mclampepla 

U           157 

epitfe.na 

82 

microcooca 

33 

exigua 

27 

uiicrophylHna 

40 

faginea 

,    36 

inilliaria 

38 

Fendleri 

18 

misrella 

22 

flavfins 

34 

mixta 

30 

flavidu-livena 

28 

mollia 

24 

flexiiona 

17 

inolybditig 

34 

Floridana 

39 

moi'ifortnis 

60 

foHHarum 

51 

muscoruin 

48 

Fraucisuana 

32 

luutabiiis 

20 

Friesil 

15 

myrlocarpoides 

27 

furfurosa 

IJ) 

miirnu'cina 

15 

furvonigrans 

129 

Nasgelii 

36 

fuscescens 

25,26 

Nylanderi 

25 

fumronibclla 

43 

oncodes 

157 

gcophaiia 

50 

orpbnina 

157 

fj^laiieouigraos 

31 

ostrcata 

14 

glebulosa 

16 

oxyspora 

29 

^lobifera 

10 

faddensis 

25 

globulosa 

32 

palmicola 

156 

granulosa 
Grifflthii 

16,  44 

ponalfvoulca 

24 

•  ) 

parvifolia 

18 

Heerii 

o2 

parvifitUf'lla 

18 

holupolia 

26 

patt'llnrtoides 

48,130 

hypnophila 

35 

peliaspis 

19 

hypomela 

19 

peliaspiates 

20 

Icterica 

13 

jwllica 

158 

Ilicia 

50 

pt'rtejrta 

41 

immeraa 

29 

Petri 

i» 

improviaa 

50 

pczirjiiidea 

48 

incumpta 

47 

phai'odcs 

45 

intcrmndiella 

18 

])h:faspi8 

156 

intprmixta 

30,  31 

pinimla 

50 

iniiiulata 

45 

polycanipia 

157 

Jacubi 

48 

prasiuii 

•3S,42 

Kochiana 

24 

pk-asinata 

41 

Lnurcri 

30 

pullula 

129 

Ieut!aini)j'x 

47 

punctclla 

23 

leucohlepliara 

39 

pyrrbomel.-una 

156 

leucocheilu 

159 

quornea 

28 

leucopbit^a 

24 

Ravenelii 

34 

leucopbyllliia 

40 

Jicgcliatia 

37 

livhloni^ricuQs 

159 

rosinii; 

62,  130 

lonijiusciila 

18 

rbodopis 

156 

lucida 

28 

rivulosa 

24 

lurida 

10 

rubella 

42,  43,  44 

luridulla 

10 

rufofusca 

22 

lutKola            * 

46 

rufoiii«?ra 

•       11 

luteorufula 

158 

KusHcllii 

^                20 

Itjifwa 

24 

russula 

Meadii 

1^9 

suhnli'torum 

36,  37,  38 

uicdiulis 

hri 

sahvloxa 

37 

tneliciia 

38 

S  ilioeii 

16 

INDEX. 


165 


157 
33 
40 
88 
« 
80 
24 
84 
50 
48 
90 
27 
15 
36 
•25 
167 
157 

14 

29 

25 
156 

24 

18 

18 
48,130 

10 

20 

158 

41 

0 

48 

45 

156 
60 

157 

41 
120 
23 
156 
28 
34 
37 
52, 130 
156 
24 
,  43,  44 
22 
•   11 
12 
20 
37,  38 
37 
16 


BIATORA. 

BUEIJJA. 

8Hnf(uineontra 

U     21,  2'J 

CatawbeiiHls              il            141 

aarrinjtjnoidea 

130 

chloropotin 

07 

scittiia 

158 

chionophilnm 

101 

svotopholls 

11 

UOlllldcllii 

KM) 

SchwehiiUil 

43 

eorai'lna 

08 

aordidescens 

33 

dbilyta 

96 

apudirea 

43 

diaviformia 

m,  05 

Spcirtum 

12 

dives 

S)7 

Bph;i!r(>i(lcs 

35 

TJultfuii 

88 

atfHoapora 

40 

Ellzi« 

06 

8t{);iiiat«llii 

46 

epi^!i;a 

87 

8Ul>fU8CUla 

3(! 

yeminnta 

102 

subj^ranulosa 

40 

gt'()jfnipbi«*a 

103 

sutFusu 

4;{ 

|;^!auoi  uiaria 

108 

synrumiata 

37 

giauut.iuariuidcs 

108 

tliysan«>tji 

158 

tjrniuU 

102 

ToniotMisis 

2(1 

iialuuia 

05 

trachona 

36 

in(|iiiliiia 

105 

tricholocua 

30 

itmynia 

U4 

tricolor 

30 

Ji.ponica 

161 

triscptata 

120 

lactea 

91 

triiptophyllina 

40 

leplda>4tra 

90 

tui'gidula 

23 

leptocline 

94 

uliKinoHa 
uiiibriiia 

27 

leptoclinoidea 

95 

48,^7 

mir.rospcrmua 

10<) 

variaiis 

27 

mininmla 

106 

verecuiidula 

36 

Montaijnm 

102 

vernalis 

21,  22,  23 

moriopitia 

08 

veatita 

41 

in3'ri(H!ari)a 

97 

virella 

156 

nvjritida 

98 

viridescens 

17,  ^« 

t>ed<!ri 

102 

vulpeciila 

120 

oidalca 

99 

Wallrothii 

16 

papillata 

94 

Wrightii 

13 

parasiMna 

92,  04 

parasitica 

107 

paraaitivna 

10(J 

BUELLIA. 

paraaituUi 

107 

Africaiia 

il            160 

Pariuuiiai'um 

10(J 

albuatra 

02 

Pertusadfola 

108 

allothallina 

105 

petrjca 

101 

alpicola 

104 

pultliella 

80 

aiuphidcxtra 

131 

pullata 

96 

applanatum 

101 

Kavc'iiolil 

131 

athallina 

105 

retrovorteiiB 

80 

atronlha 

100,  102 

KlttokfiUHis 

100 

atroalhella 

01 

siixatills 

105 

atteiidenda 

107 

sc.'.brosa 

105 

badia 

88 

Schtiireri 

08 

badiella 

89 

Heiniteiisis 

95 

budioatra 

101 

Smithii 

106 

bolaoina 

88 

aociella 

107 

Boiaiideri 

103 

spuria 

01 

CaloosenKis 

90 

srpiaiiiuluta 

90 

catasciiia 

161 

stullulata 

91 

f  i 


166 

INDEX. 

BLT^Ll,  A. 

CLADONIA. 

HtiglllF  tl                              it                   (K) 

uilperHit 

I 

241 

Try  pet  1.,  Ill 

1(K5 

aldlcoriiiH 

388 

turf(CHL-eiiH 

n: 

ainauroi>r:(;a 

aftO 

urceoliitH 

107 

ht'llidilloia 

2S2 

voi-nkioina 

!))» 

Ikuvl 

251 

vilirt 

i»r» 

Botrytis 

249 

H'tihlrnhrrtjii 

81) 

hntrhhUn 

24U 

W«ltcUachi' 

io<; 

I'ifspiticia 

cariosa 

cai'iiKola 

247 
240 
250 

CALICrilM. 

Carol  iniuna 

251 

cuitiHii                ii        la? 

ceuotca 

246 

fusflpes 

i;{7 

(riM-atophylia 

238 

leiit'ochlorum 

1U2 

coriiui-(»pi(tidu8 

252 

priwuiiilens 

137 

CO  run  til 

244 

RHVcnelii 

137 

cristatclla 

255 

«lactyl()ta 

il 

155 

d«i!oVti(tata 

i 

240 

CETKARIA. 

dufuriiiis 

253 

aiJuU'utii                     1 

2!) 

degencrans 
dcHcaUi 

212, 

L>tO 

aleuiites 

32 

247 

arctica 

30 

Di'Kprifiinxii 

250 

aure8c;mis 

37 

digitata 

253 

litivnrka 

37 

DiiiiMiiana 

U 

155 

Callfoniica 

21) 

ecinori/iM 

i 

242 

cliryHantlia 

m 

(>r.!livi;»'l'olia 

23S 

c'iliariH 

34 

niiil)riata 

241 

cuutilliiita 

31 

Flocrkeana 

254, 

'isr, 

Fahluticnsis 

33 

furoata 

247 

Fendleri 

33 

gracilcMita 

ii 

15(i 

glauca 

36 

gracillH 

i  252, 

'jr,G 

hiaxceus 

31 

llookt'ri 

253 

Islamlu^a 

31 

hypo\aiitha 

ii 

155 

juuipcriiia 

37 

ihihrii'AUnla 

i 

230 

iucunosa 

35 

laatnosa 

251 

madrei>lfoniii8 

30 

Icpidota 

240 

nigricaas 

20 

Icporina 

255 

nivalis 

32 

inauileiita 

253 

Oakesiana 

3(5 

Mitrula 

237 

udontclla 

21) 

papillaria 

245 

plamrodia 

32 

para/iilica 

247 

platy  >hylla 

34 

pulchulla 

254 

raimi  osa 

30 

pyxidaf.a 

240 

liichardsouii 

31 

raiigif(  I'iiia 

248 

saepinoola 

35 

Kaveniilii 

254 

aeptcntriomile 

3fl 

Santeii^is 

245 

Tilesii 

37 

squaino.^a 

24G 

tristia 

28 

stellata 
snbstraminea 
syiuphycai-pa 
Taurica 

251 
256 
239 

CHIODEOTON. 

250 

Califoriiicuui            il           III') 

turgida 

244 

lacteain 

13G 

uueiuliH 

250 

Moutaguasi 

135 

vermiatlaris 

256 

I 
I 

1 
I 
I 
I 

r 

8 

b 
'1 
t 

V 


co; 

u 


INDEX. 


167 


241 

2r»() 

251 

2rj 

21(> 
217 
210 
2.">0 
2.-.  I 
24« 
2:1s 
252 
211 
2o5 
155 
210 
25:1 
,  240 
217 
250 

25:j 

155 
242 

2:i8 

211 
247 

15(; 
2,  'jr,G 
25:{ 

155 

230 

231 

240 

255 

253 

237 

245 

247 

251 

240 

248 

254 

245 

24G 

251 

255 

2:{9 

256 

214 

250 

2u6 


CLADONIA. 

(nSTOTOLEUS. 

vfrtirilhirh                 I 

24.1 

efieupun 

1 

SB9 

verlicillata 

242 

riipcstris 

9B0 

rOENOOOXIUM. 

DEUMATIsniM. 

(liMJunctiiiii                i 

258 

Catawbense 

U 

141 

\\\U'.v  mHituin 
Lppr  eiiiil 

258 

258 

I.tiikii 

258 

ENDOCARPISCUM 

1 

nionilifornie 

258 

Bolandiiii 
Ciuei)ini 

I 

114 
118 

COLLEMA. 

nt^^^rej^atum               i 

140 

ENDOCARPOy. 

anrif  Hhttnm 

153 

oehrolcui-uni 

ii 

138 

cnllihntrya 

145 

ei'trnrioides 

Ion 

ehirlodoa 

142 

ENTEROGRAPHA. 

coccnphorum 

150 

clegans 

ii 

119 

crixpuiii 

141) 

cristatolluin 

152 

ciistatuin 

152 

EPIIEBE. 

cyrtaspis 

144 

Lesqiien'UxH 

I 

133 

dermntinum 

153 

iimtuiiiili<>8uin 

132 

fla«!ci(lum 

147 

pul)escens 

182 

furvum 

152 

Bolida 

182 

:,i.Miii:-ii'e,ns 

150 

j?laucnplitlialmnm 

14(i 

p-aii(>8iitn 

153 

ERIODERMA. 

im/tlic(Uiim 

140 

polyi'arpuin 

i 

no 

laciniatiini 

144 

veliij^eniin 

11 

143 

Ipptaleuin 

140 

WiiKhtii 

144 

liiuosuin 

150 

incltenuin 

151 

nilcrophyllum 

144 

EVERNIA. 

inieroptycliiuin 

147 

divaricata 

1 

40 

multipartitum 

152 

furfuracea 

80 

myrioooccuin 

143 

pruiiastri 

89 

iil<fres('i!i)9 
plu^atile 

147 

trulla 

88 

151 

vulpina 

88 

pulposuin 

148 

pur-uilatuin 

153 

pyciiocarpum 

143 

GLYPIIIS. 

ryssolpum 

148 

Achariana 

11 

186 

stellatuin                   i! 

146 

ricatricoaa 

186 

stenoi)hylliira            i 

153 

conftiions 

186 

tenax 

149 

favuloaa 

186 

Texanuni 

149 

tnnd/orme 

153 

verrudfonne 

145 

GRAPniS. 

liabintjtonii 

11 

124 

Beauinontil 

124 

CONOTREMA. 

botryosa 

122 

urceolatuni               i 

217 

Coluiubina 

128 

108 

INDEX. 

GRAPH  IS. 

lIETEROTIlErriTM. 

•liscuiTPiis                  li 

ini 

nndochroiua              II 

ft5 

DunmHtii 

12*2 

f^ruHHiim 

54 

eulfictrft 

i.w 

ijltrosn 

67 

F'loridiinn 

12(1 

leptorhpiliini 

55 

(laiicodcriiia 
Aii<;on<>|>lH'la 

124 

Lcpn'furii 

50 

122 

Inuuoxanthuin 

58 

ImKtopcpla 

12(! 

mmtcirol  iim 

58 

Mn.<>r|uif.(*n<iig 

12<; 

naniiai'hiin 

«M) 

■  nitidii 

121 

jwrhycnrfMi 

50 

iiitidnsccns 

12.» 

pafliyctH'iluin 

50 

OHl-itlltlH 

Ktl 

iio/.ixnidpiiiii 

58 

I'oltaio'  'es 

12(t 

phivomelann 

68 

nidiatn 

121 

pliyllot'harlfl 

50 

rufula 

12r» 

porpIiyiiU>a 

60 

scol('(;ltis 

125 

premnm 

64 

Riibnitidul. 

12.'J 

Raii;;uinariuin 

5:t 

tricolor 

58 

tuhorciilnnuin 

65,  HO 

OYAT.ECTA. 

turbiiiatuni 

160 

ahsronsn                       i 

210 

ve.Hto>tn 

57 

ttst.crin 

21!) 

v«>raicolor 

54 

cariieo-luteola 

220 

vifiilana 

M 

ceratiua 

220 

vul  dimiii 

57 

cotKjruclln 

220 

Wr  ghtll 

50,  100 

corona  ta 

221 

CitrticoUt 

220 

\ 

(Mipulai'i8 

221 

IlYnROTIIYRIA. 

fa^icola 

220 

fontnna                        I 

168 

(h-nudata 

21S 

'ltU88(>llii 

108 

Flotovil 

221 

Fiifisli 

218 

gcoloa 

21  i) 

LECANACTIS. 

lutea 

218 

abiotlna                     ii 

114 

nana 

220 

Califoriiica 

115 

piiieti 

218 

chloroconia 

116 

rhexoblephara 

221 

preinnea 

114 

Valeii/ueliana 

210 

Qtterceti 

221 

LECANORA. 

albelln                        i 

186 

GYROSTOMUM. 

albescens 

180 

aeyphuliferum           i 

220 

allophana 

188 

nlphoplaca 

107 

athroocarpa 

io:i 

IIEPPIA. 

atra 

180 

Despreauxii               i 

114 

atriscda 

189 

polyspora 

116 

atrucincta 

100 

atrosiilphurea 

191 

badia 

190 

IlE'rEROTIIECIITM. 

hella 

201 

Augu»tini                  ii 

50 

Bockii 

200 

aureoluin 

150 

Bolanderl 

181 

o<>nsj)prsiini 

50 

Bruiionis 

102 

Doruiugense 

67 

caiaio-abella 

186 

INDEX. 


169 


6S 

S4 
57 
66 
80 
88 
68 
00 
66 
66 
68 
68 
60 
66 
64 
63 
RS 
65, /ifi 
169 
67 
64 
64 
87 

r.fl,  160 

n 

168 
108 


114 
115 
115 
114 


185 

18» 

188 

197 

IDS 

18V» 

189 

190 

191 

190 

201 

200 

181 

192 

186 


LECANORA. 

calcarea 

campalea 

eancriformU 

CarcfitiflO 

caHtanca 

cenisia 

cnrvina 

chlarona 

chlorophana 

chrysoleuca 

chryaopa 

cinerea 

ci  nereoruf escens 

Citnnonica 

coilocnrpa 

crasaa 

Cupressi 

curvf8re)ui 

deutilabra 

dichroa 

dimern 

diatnna 

elatina 

epihrya 

epulotiua 

expatlens 

friistulosa 

fuHcata 

fuacella 

galactina 

gelida 

glaucocarpa 

glaucoma 

glaucomcla 

glaucovircns 

glehom 

franifera 
lageni 
Ilaydeiil 
lacustris 
lentigera 
melaaaspis 
melanophthalma 
mesophana 
mesoxnntha 
miculata 
inolybdiiia 
muralis 
oculata 
odora 
Oregana 
orosthca 
Pacllioa 
pallesceus 


1         ao4 

ii  147 

I  186 

304 

194,  202 

18(1 

ao2 

188 
201 
133 
201 
198 
199 
195 
188 
182 
192 
194 

U  148 

144 

1  194 
188 
195 
188 
200 
103 
186 
203 
194 
189 
182 
208 
187 
198 

il     148 

i  204 
189 
188 
184 
199 
182 
197 
183 
188 
189 
186 
200 
184 
197 
197 
193 
193,  ii  198 

1  191 
196 


LECANORA. 

pallida 

i           185 

Parisienaia 

188 

peliacypha 

203 

twHata 

18:) 

phiRolMila 

190 

pliryganitig 

182 

pingiils 

'.85 

privigna 

204 

punicea 

194 

rhypariza 

194 

rubitia 

183 

rugoaa 

188 

Sambuci 

189 

aaxicola 

184 

Schleicher! 

202 

aimplex 

2* 

aophodopaia 

X^:' 

Rordida 

lb9 

aorediifera 

iO 

amaragdula 

*i-; 

subflava 

I            .  18 

subfusca 

I            ir 

tartarea 

1}K> 

thamnitis 

181 

thainnoplaca 

i^.t 

umhriua 

1<»9 

varia 

191 

ventosa 

195 

verrucosa 

196 

Willeyi 

191 

xanthophana 

201 

LECIDEA. 

acclinis 

Ii             86 

agliea 
albocaemlescens 

78 

72,66 

albozonaria 

74 

alpestris 

85 

ambigua 

80 

araylacea 

78 

arctica 

84 

Arineniaca 

78 

aromatica 

131 

assimilata 

86,  85 

■  atroalba 

76 

atrobrunnea 

74 

auriculata 

08 

badia 

76 

borealia 

85 

Brandegei 

62 

Brunneri 

78 

Candida 

01 

caudata 

79 

170 


INDEX. 


LECIDEA. 

LECIDEA. 

eaule$retu                  It              64 

ruKlnosA 
$ahulftorum 

einfreoru/a 

77 

cUrtnella 

6A 

tilacea 

cicruleonigricarifl 

«1 

Hiniodenais 

coiifluens 

7a 

Hpvirea 

coiitiKua 

71,72 

$piUtta 

orasHipes 

8« 

squalida 

crucluriu 

67 

nquarrota 

ouiniilata 

03 

sylvicola 

cynnea 

6B,  68 

aymphorella 

cvrtidia 
elabenfl 

83 

tahescens 

82 

tencbrosa 

elfKuchroma 

79,80 

tesHcllata 

elata 

78 

teflHelUua 

elnta 

81 

ultima 

enterolenca 

79 

variegata 

nrraticu 

83 

tfMcularU 

flavovirescena 

65 

vUellinaria 

ftimnsa 

76 

vorticosa 

fusuoatra 

75 

Wulfenii 

fusuociiierea 

76 

KlauoopHuru 

131 

eranoHa 
Fngularis 

63 

LEITOGIUM. 

76 

adpreRBuni 

intumeHcens 

76 

albociliatum 

lactea 

69 

^^palachense 

lapicida 

70,  fie 

azureum 

limoaa 

85 

bolacinum 

lUhophila 

66 

BrebUaonii 

lugubris 

77,  7fl 

bullatuni 

macroearpa 

74 

BurgeHsii 
Cffisiellum 

niHtuillana 

130 

Maiini 

75 

Califoriiicuin 

mp.;;3ata 

63 

cetrarioidea 

melaiicheima 

81 

chlnromeluin 

micytho 

131 

dmictodorum 

monticola 

81 

cornicuiatuni 

morio 

86 

corrugatiilum 

neglecta 

•84 

corticola 

pallida 

84 

dactvlinum 
deQarisuum 

panHiola 

70 

pantherina 

69 

diaphanum 

paracarpa 

63 

foveolatum 

parasema 

79,80 

Iliklenbrandii 

paupercula 

75 

hypotrachynum 

perjidiosa 

63 

itijlexum 

phceenterodes 

73 

intriuatulum 

planctica 

131 

Javanicum 

platycarpa 

73 

junipei-inum 
laceruin 

])<)lycarpa 

69 

Pringlei 

62 

marginellum 

pruiuosa 

66 

minutiaBimum 

psephota 

160 

muscicola 

pyvnocarpa 

83 

myochroum 

H 


«4 

79,81 
70 

lao 

71,  72 

65,68 

M 

64 

•8 

89 

80 

77,  76 

65,68 


66,69 
61 
81 


80 


164 
166 
180 
181 
186 
163,164 
164 
16S 
166 
160 
168 
188 
161 
169 
168 
181 
183 
164 
181 
181 
188 
881 
186 
164 
166 
162 
257, 158 
162 
167 
164 
188 


1. 


INDEX. 


171 


«4 

7»,8l 

70 

160 

71,  72 

6fi,«8 

04 
83 
83 
80 
77,75 

6fi,  68 
68 
83 

66,60 
61 
81 
82 
80 


164 
166 
160 
161 
155 
163,104 
164 
165 
156 
159 
156 
163 
161 
159 
163 
161 
162 
164 
161 
161 
166 
261 
160 
154 
165 
162 
157, 158 
162 
157 
154 
166 


LISPTOOIUM. 

paimatmn 

phijlhrarjtnm 

\.M\v\w\\\i\n 

rftiruliitinn 

rivain 

BtUnrninutn 

trotinum 

aiaiiatuni 

t^thinctrintim 

Bubtile. 

tcniiiRHlmura 

trenielloidea 

Uinh(iufH»ia 

vetivatunt 


MCHTNA. 
conflnis 

MYRfANOIUM. 

Curti88ii 
DuricBi 


NEPHROMA. 
Arcticum 
bella 

cellnlitsum 
expnllidum 
HelveUciiin 
hevigatum 
Lusitanicum 
resnpinatum 
Auhliitvigatum 
tomcntosum 


OMFIIALARIA. 

Cubana 

Demangeonii 

deusta 

enducarpoidea 

Glrardl 

Kan^ana 

leptophylla 

lingulata 

phyllisca 

plntunium 

pulvinata 

pj'renoides 

gphieruapora 

Bvniphorea 

Texana 

Wrightii 


il 
I 
ii 
i 


ii 
i 


U 


150 
165 

\m 

161 
156 
KMt 
159 
15N 
165 
157 
157 
161 
155 
165 


133 


261 
261 


101 
104 
105 
103 
104 
101 
105 
103 
105 
105 


146 
140 
146 
140 
141 
140 
146 
145 
139 
141 
141 
141 
139 
139 
139 
146 


OMPIIArODIUM. 
A  ri/onlvuHi 
llott«ntotn  II 
ri(«oa4M»mi>iiHe 


380 

260 
260 


OPEORAPIIA. 

a«tra!a 

ii 

134 

demlsfla 

IIM 

nilcr(K>yclia 

133 

mtjri(>rarp<t 

133 

oulurheila 

133 

proHodea 

IBl 

tribuludeg 

l.M 

PANNARIA. 

brunnea 

i           121 

byHsina 

128 

carnoaa 

122 

cronia 

126 

croHsophylla 

124 

flabelloHa 

127 

glaucclla 

U           144 

eranatina 
Ilookeri 

i            118 

120 

hypnoruni 

117 

inciaa 

125 

lanuginosa 
lepidiota 

117 

191 

leucolepia 

121 

leueoaticta 

120 

melaraphylla 
microphylla 

128 
ISl 

raolybd.TPa 

194 

muacorum 

193 

nigra 

197 

oigrovincta 

198 

pannosa 

lltf 

Parmelioidea 

195 

Petersii 

197 

pholidota 

120 

plaeodopsig 

il           144 

plumbea 

i           134 

rubiginosa 

119 

Sononiensis 

196 

Btellata 

125 

Btcnophylla 

126 

syniptyuhia              ] 
Taylori 

1  144 
144 

179 


INDEX. 


PARMEIJA. 

PELTIGERA. 

alf!uritf$ 

1         m 

aphthoHA 

1         IM 

alpieola 

(M) 

caniiiA 

IM 

Amenmna 

m 

erumpfrm 

IS 

B7 

horixontnlis 

IM 

Aurulenta 

M 

Irptndermn 

1W 

JMliana 

58 

Umbata 

i«r 

Borreri 

M 

inalacea 

108 

CamtB4'hH(In1is 

M 

polydactyla 

107,  ii  143 

ca|>erata 

K\ 

jiulvcrulciita 

107 

oentrtfuf^a 

W, 

rufenceiiH 

JOT,  108 

MraUtphylla 

(H) 

Kcabrom 

108 

cervicornis 

li            143 

aiMitata 

107 

cetrata 

i              M 

venosa 

106 

chtorochroa 

OA 

chrysnntha 

55 

colpodes 

01 

PERTUSARIA. 

consperna 

04 

AlbineA 

11          149 

eonvexiuKula 

01 

aniblftcns 

1          SIS 

cribfAlata 

01 

bryontlia 

an 

crinita 

5.") 

coccophorA 

11           149 

dendritiea 

01 

colobina 

149 

diatrypa 

01 

communis 

1  .        S14 

enuAU8ta 

00 

concrota 

^        SIS 

enteromorpha 

00 

dactylina 

913 

exanperata 

02 

cuglypta 

11           149 

flavicanH 

53 

faginea 

1           S18 

glaherrtma 

53 

fallax 

S17 

hyperopia 

00 

flavicunda 

913 

incurva 

05 

globularis 

216 

Japonica 

ii            142 

fflomerata 
hymenium 

215 

la'vlgata 

i              50 

217 

lanata 

03 

lecanina 

213 

latiseima 

63 

leioplaca 

214 

leucochlora 

&4 

microatirta 

214 

lophvri«a 
moUiuscula 

01 

multipuncta 

212 

64 

panyrga 

213 

olivacea 

02 

pertuaa 

214 

perforata 

53 

pustulata 

216 

perlata 

63 

rliodocarpA 

214 

pertuaa 

59 

thamnoplura 

11            149 

physodes 

01 

velata 

i            212 

proboacidea 

64,55 

Weatrinqii 

215 

rer.urva 

00 

Wulfenii 

216 

relicina 

67 

rudecta 

68 

saxatills 

59 

PHYSCIA. 

ainuosa 

57 

adglutinata 

78 

sorediuta 

61 

aipolia 

73 

Btygia 

03 

anynatata 

71 

subrugata 

54 

aquila 

71 

Bulphurata 

55 

astroidea 

74 

terebrata 

01 

atricapilla 

77 

Texana 

58 

ciesia 

70 

tlliacea 

67 

ciliaris 

71 

INDEX. 


173 


1M 

m 

lOi 
IM 
109 

1«7 

lOK 
7,  li  143 
107 
107, 1(* 
108 
107 
106 


140 

21  a 
ail 

149 
140 
214 
215 

ai:{ 

149 

213 

217 

213 

216 

21ft 

217 

213 

214 

214 

212 

213 

■i14 

215 

214 

149 

212 

2in 

210 


78 

73 

71 

71 

74 

77 

76 

71 


I'lIYSriA. 

PLAroDirM. 

COIIIOHH 

1 

60 

ccriniiiii 

1 

17ft 

crinntin 

71 

I'lrrni'hrouiu 

171 

vriHpa 

74 

t'itriiiiiiii 

171 

(Iftiniaa 

72 

i'lail*MiPH 

|i»> 

(lllatata 

7ft 

coral  lolil(>fl 

IIH) 

D(tmin{ifnni$ 

74 

vn>iiat(>lliiiii 

180 

etnti>C(tcrina 

77 

tllphanliiiii 

178 

erltmceA 

67 

direr»icoliir 

170 

rrtttn 

7ft 

nlogaiiH 

17<l 

linlttetmhylla 

Krniiiilift>ra 

iiUpida 

60 

erythraiitluim 

II 

110 

60 

niigyriiiii 

1 

171 

7ft 

ff^rnigliH'iini 

177, 

II  1 17 

hypol(>iioa 

68 

ferriigliiortiiii) 

11 

NO 

Loaiia 

72 

Floridaiiuiu 

I 

170 

lou('oin<>)a 

60 

fiilgeiip 

171 

lewothrix 

74 

fultntlutea 

170 

major 

7ft 

ealaotopbylliun 
Juiigcriiiaiitiiio 

172 

ol)H<'ara 

74 

170 

ohHeHgn 

74 

leuvimta 

177 

palmulnta 

72 

luteomlnluni 

181 

niilvcnileiita 
Havciiclii 

72 

mlcrophylllimm 

174 

68 

niurorum 

170 

,171 

setusa 

77 

nlvale 

170 

speclosa 

7 

I'aiimotenRe 

11 

147 

8t(!llarln 

.3 

pellophylluiii 

i 

172 

tmu'lla 

75 

pliifutn 

U 

140 

Wrlghtil 

(18 

rupestre 
siiiapispcrmuin 

1 

175 
177 

Hpadicciim 

11 

147 

rnYsriDiA. 

Hpraguel 
variaoUe 

1 

170 

squuiiiulfma 

11 

145 

172 

Wrlghtil 

145 

vltelliiium 

180 

PHYSMA. 

PLATYGRAPIIA. 

byrsamm 

I 

115 

Callfornica 

11 

110 

lurldum 

116 

d'Aoaum 

117 

Buaaellii 

IIU 

Inierrupta 

monoatichxtm 

ocellata 

117 
117 
110 

PILOPHORUS. 

perlclea 

117 

(tcicnlnria 

i 

235 

phlyct«!lla 
Kavenelil 

13! 

cereolus 

235 

118 

polycai-pua 

236 

vernaiis 

110 

robuatua 

235 

PYRENASTRUM. 

PLACODIUM. 

Raveuelll 

11 

141 

albidelluin 

ii 

147 

aurantiacuiu 

1 

174 

• 

bicolor 

11 

147 

PYRENOPSIS. 

bolacinum 

i 

173 

coralllna 

i 

137 

calva 

175 

luelaiiibola 

130 

caiuptidlum 

178 

phieucocua 

130 

174 


INDEX. 


■!     1 


PYRENOPSIS. 

RAMALINA. 

phylliscina 
polycocca 

i 

137 

reticulata 

1 

29 

136 

retiformii 

22 

Schwreri 

135 

rigida 

22,25 

viridorula 

137 

scopulorum 

stenoapora 

tenuis 

27 
iS 
32 

PYRENOTHAMNIA. 

testudinaria 

31 

Spraguei 

ii 

138 

Usneoides 
Temensis 

22 
24 

PYRENUIA. 

aggiegata 
mamiltana 

ii 

140 

RINODINA. 

140 

Asoociseana 

1 

206 

pachycheila 

141 

aterriina 

209 

Santenais 

140 

Berica 

210 

thelomorpha 

141 

Bischofii 

209 

tropica 

140 

chrysoinelaena 

Conradi 

constans 

206 
210 
210 

PYXINE. 

flavonigella 

209 

applanata 

i 

79 

Hallii 

208 

cocoes 

80 

Kemmleri 

,       210 

Frostii 

79 

Mi'.tzleri 

209 

Meissneri 

80 

niamillana 

ii 

148 

picta 

79 

milllaria 

i 

210 

sorediata 

80 

uirabosa 

205 

oehrotis 

ii 

149 

oreiiia 

i 

206 

RAMALINA. 

polyapora 

208 

alludens 

i 

23 

pyrcniospora 

210 

angulosa 

23 

radinta 

205 

caiicaris 

25 

Sahulosn 

210 

canaliculata 

23 

sophodes 

207 

ceruchis 

21 

Tlioniie 

209 

Combeoides 

21 

thysanota 

205 

coraplanata 

24 

tui'facea 

207 

crlnita 

ii 

132 

dasypoga 
denticiilata 

i 

142 
25 

ROCOELLA. 

genicvlata 
gracilenta 
gracilis 
homulea 

26 
22 
22 
21 

fuciforniis 
leucoplijea 
piiycopsis 
tiuctorla 

i 

20 
19 
30 
19 

inflata 

28 

Laevigata 

24 

SAGEDIA. 

leptocarpha 

24 

Cestrcnsis 

11 

140 

linearis 

23 

Manni 

11 

142 

Menziezii 

i 

21,24 

SCHIZOPELTE. 

minuscula 

26 

Califoruioa 

i 

46 

Montagnad 

23 

pollinaria 

26 

polyniorplia 

27 

SIPHULA. 

- 

pueiila 

26 

Piukeringii 

11 

162 

S9 

aa 

22,25 
27 
38 

aa 

ai 

22 
24 


20G 

209 

210 

209 

206 

210 

210 

209 

208 

210 

209 

148 

210 

206 

149 

20« 

208 

210 

205 

210 

207 

209 

205 

207 


20 
19 
20 
19 


il 


140 


46 


162 


SOLORINA. 
crocea 
limbata 
saccata 


SPEERSCHNEIDERA. 
euploua  i 


SPII.ONEMA. 
paradoxuni  i 


STAUROTHELE. 

Braiidegei 

circiiiata 

Druumiondii 


STEREOCAULON. 

albicans 

alpiiium 

cereolinum 

cereolna 

claviceps 

conden»atiim 

coralloldes 

deiiudatiiin 

implexum 

Maderense 

vxixtum 

nanodes 

paschiile 

pileatum 

piloplioroides 

proximum 

ramulosutn 

tenelluvi 

vimineum 


ii 


ii 
i 


il 
i 


Wiightii 


STICTA. 
aiuplissima 
anthraspis 
uurata 
crenulata 
crocata 
daniiocornis 
dissecta 
«rosa 
fuligiuosa 
yilva 
glomeruli/era 


i 


INDEX. 


ni 
111 
111 


45 


131 


l.'JS 
138 
138 


234 
2.32 
233 
233 
233 
233 
231 
233 
231 
154 
231 
234 
232 
233 
154 
231 
230 
234 
231 
234 


175 


92 

101 

96 

93 

100,  ii  143 

94 

93 

93 

99 

101 

92 


Ilallii 

1 

102 

herbacea 

92 

Huraboldtil 

97 

intermedin 

9a 

laeiniata 

w 

limbata 

100 

linita 

96 

Oregana 

97 

pallida 
Pickerlngil 

94 

ii 

143 

pulmonaria 

i 

96 

quercizans 

98 

Savenelii 

98 

scrobiculata 

. 

90 

suhdissecta 

98 

sylvatica 

99 

tomentosa 

97 

Wrightli 

ii 

!43 

THAMNOTJA. 

vennicularis 

i 

256 

THELOSCHISTES. 

candrlaria 

i 

51 

chrysophthalmus 

48 

concolor 

61 

Jlavicans 

49 

lychneiis 

60 

parietinus 

49 

polycarpus 

60 

ramuloBus 

61 

THELOTREMA. 

actinotuin 

ii 

152 

Aubfrianoidea 

i 

227 

Auberlanuni 

220 

auratum 

ii 

152 

bicinrtnlum 

i 

224 

catafltictuin 

ii 

154 

Cubanum 

151 

Domingense 

1 

225 

epitrypum 

227 

glauceHcens 

227 

iflobulure 

ii 

152 

granuIoRum 
intprposituin 

i 

224 

225 

lathrannn 

224 

latilabruin 

ii 

153 

leiostomuin 

151 

Icpadinuin 

I 

226 

lepadodes 

ii 

150 

176 


INDEX. 


THELOTREMA. 

UMBILICARIA. 

leprocarpuni 

1 

226 

flocculosa 

i           86 

leucastrurn 

li 

153 

hirsuta 

87 

Hrelllforine 

153 

hyperborea 

85 

metaphorfcum 

i 

227 

mammulata 

89 

K-.ioroporum 

223 

Muhlcnbergii 

86 

iDonosporum 

225 

papulosa 

60 

mvrloporum 

ii 

162 

Pennsylvanica 

89 

pilullferum 

154 

phana 

86 

platycarpoides 

153 

polyphylla 
proboRoldca 

86 

platycarpuiii 

150 

84 

)ostpositum 

i 

225 

pufltulata 

90 

^avenelil 

228 

rugifera 

88 

Santense 

227 

Semitfnsia 

88 

simplex 

U 

154 

tylorhiza 

87 

subtile 

i 

224 

vellea 

87 

Wightii 
Wrlghti! 

228 

tt 

152 

URCEOLARIA. 

aetinoRtoma 

i           223 

THERMUTIS. 

chloroleuca 

ii           150 

velutina 

1 

130 

scruposa 
striata 

i            22:^ 
223 

\  \ 

TRYPETHELIIIM. 

aggregate 

ii 

140 

URCEOLINA. 

Carolinianum 

139 

Kei'guelieiisis 

il           150 

catervarium 

139 

exocanthum 

140 

keterochroum 

140 

USNEA. 

Kunzei 

140 

angulata 

i            48 

niaatoideum 

139 

barbata 

41 

oohroleucum 

140 

cavernosa 

^ 

pallf'scens 

140 

longissima 

48 

scorifc 

139 

melaxantha 

41 

scorites 

139 

sphacelata 

41 

tropica 

140 

sulphurcm 

40 

virens 

139 

trichodea 

48 

UMBILICARIA. 

VERRUCARIA. 

wnea 

1 

85 

microbola 

ii           140 

angulata 
anthriicina 

88 

• 

84 

atropruinosa 

84 

XYLOGRAPIIA. 

Cai'olininna 

89 

disseminata 

ii           112 

cylindrica 

84 

hians 

113 

deusta 

84 

Opegrapliella 
parallela 

113 

Dillenii 

87 

112 

erosa 

86 

atictica 

113 

4j.r''J,s;-,4V; 


85 

87 
85 
89 
86 
60 
89 
86 
86 
84 
90 
83 
88 
87 
87 


223 
150 
22:^ 
223 


psqpssr" 


\  » 


150 


42 
41 
43 
43 
41 
41 


140 


>* 


l'■^!J■ 


iTt" 


H. 


>- 


"-.  vS* 


V 


i\l 


112 


j^^-- 


